---
title: Which of the following most accurately characterises the principal m… — "I'm due a win": the gambler's fallacy · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following most accurately characterises the principal means by which lotteries derive revenue? Exam question 4 of lesson 171 «"I'm due a win": the gambler's fallacy» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option;
---

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# Exam question 4 · "I'm due a win": the gambler's fallacy

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following most accurately characterises the principal means by which lotteries derive revenue?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 3 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** principal, lotteries · **What happens:** follow, characteris, mean, derive · **To what, where:** revenue · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is exam question 4 of lesson 171 «"I'm due a win": the gambler's fallacy» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/171-im-due-a-win-the-gamblers-fallacy/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:171-im-due-a-win-the-gamblers-fallacy:e4:1
# text = Which of the following most accurately characterises the principal means by which lotteries derive revenue?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
5	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	6	advmod	_	_
6	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	principal	principal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	13	det	_	_
13	lotteries	lottery	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	derive	derive	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	ccomp	_	_
15	revenue	revenue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  |  |  |  |  | accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **mean** | present | the principal |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **derive** | present | which lotteries | revenue |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location revenue=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The draw is adjusted to favour regular players

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:171-im-due-a-win-the-gamblers-fallacy:e4:o1:1
# text = The draw is adjusted to favour regular players
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	draw	draw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	adjusted	adjust	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	favour	favour	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	regular	regular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	players	player	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adjust** | present · passive |  | the draw |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **favour** | to-infinitive |  | regular players |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The government guarantees each player's return and recovers it through taxation

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:171-im-due-a-win-the-gamblers-fallacy:e4:o2:1
# text = The government guarantees each player's return and recovers it through taxation
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	guarantees	guarantee	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	return	return	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	recovers	recover	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	through	through	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	taxation	taxation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **guarantee** | present | the government | each player's return |  |  |  |  | vn ensure-99 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition return=Theme |
| 2 | **recover** | present | the government *not said here* | return |  | taxation |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 3 | **return** |  | each player |  |  |  |  |  | nom return «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 3 · ✓ the right answer {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Players receive back, on average, less than they expend

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:171-im-due-a-win-the-gamblers-fallacy:e4:o3:1
# text = Players receive back, on average, less than they expend
1	Players	player	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	receive	receive	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	back	back	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	average	average	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
9	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	expend	expend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **receive back** | present | Players |  |  | average |  |  | vn admit-64.3-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent on average=Location |
| 2 | **expend** | present | Players *= player* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Players invariably recover their stake

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:171-im-due-a-win-the-gamblers-fallacy:e4:o4:1
# text = Players invariably recover their stake
1	Players	player	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	invariably	invariably	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	recover	recover	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	stake	stake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **recover** | present | Players | Players's stake |  |  |  | invariably *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stake=Theme |
| 2 | **stake** |  | Players *= player* |  |  |  |  |  | nom stake «possession transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: ["I'm due a win": the gambler's fallacy, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/171-im-due-a-win-the-gamblers-fallacy/e3/)
- next →: [Loot boxes, streaks and the sunk cost, test 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/172-loot-boxes-streaks-and-the-sunk-cost/t1/)
- ↑ back to ["I'm due a win": the gambler's fallacy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/171-im-due-a-win-the-gamblers-fallacy/)