---
title: Identify the flaw in the argument that, since all cats are animals a… — Some, all, none and "not all" · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the flaw in the argument that, since all cats are animals and all dogs are animals, all cats are dogs. Exam question 3 of lesson 185 «Some, all, none and "not all"» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova
---

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# Exam question 3 · Some, all, none and "not all"

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the flaw in the argument that, since all cats are animals and all dogs are animals, all cats are dogs.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, cats, dogs · **What happens:** identify, be · **To what, where:** flaw, argument, animals, dogs

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 185 «Some, all, none and "not all"» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/185-some-all-none-and-not-all/#e3).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:185-some-all-none-and-not-all:e3:1
# text = Identify the flaw in the argument that, since all cats are animals and all dogs are animals, all cats are dogs.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	flaw	flaw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	argument	argument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	since	since	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	cats	cat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
15	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	16	det	_	_
16	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
17	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
18	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	21	det	_	_
21	cats	cat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
22	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
23	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the flaw |  | the argument |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | all cats |  |  |  | since animals and animals and dogs |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | present | all dogs | animals |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | present | all cats | dogs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The premise that dogs are animals is false

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:185-some-all-none-and-not-all:e3:o1:1
# text = The premise that dogs are animals is false
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	premise	premise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	det	_	_
4	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | that dogs | animals |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | the premise and animals |  |  |  |  | false *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The premise that cats are animals is false

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:185-some-all-none-and-not-all:e3:o2:1
# text = The premise that cats are animals is false
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	premise	premise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	det	_	_
4	cats	cat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | that cats | animals |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | the premise and animals |  |  |  |  | false *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The argument contains no flaw

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:185-some-all-none-and-not-all:e3:o3:1
# text = The argument contains no flaw
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	argument	argument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	contains	contain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	flaw	flaw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | present | the argument | no flaw |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot flaw=Theme |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Membership of a common group does not establish identity

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:185-some-all-none-and-not-all:e3:o4:1
# text = Membership of a common group does not establish identity
1	Membership	membership	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	establish	establish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	identity	identity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **establish** | present · do-support | Membership of a common group | identity |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent identity=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Some, all, none and "not all", exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/185-some-all-none-and-not-all/e2/)
- next →: [Some, all, none and "not all", exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/185-some-all-none-and-not-all/e4/)
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