---
title: It is given that black swans are found in Australia. Select the resp… — One counterexample is enough · tree and pragmatics
description: It is given that black swans are found in Australia. Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the assertion that all swans are white. Exam question 2 of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pr
---

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# Exam question 2 · One counterexample is enough

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is given that black swans are found in Australia. Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the assertion that all swans are white.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, established facts, assertion · **What happens:** give, find, select, establish, concern, be · **To what, where:** It, black swans, Australia, response, assertion

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This is exam question 2 of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/#e2).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It is given that black swans are found in Australia.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e2:1
# text = It is given that black swans are found in Australia.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **find** | present · passive |  | black swans |  | Australia |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the assertion that all swans are white.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e2:2
# text = Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the assertion that all swans are white.
1	Select	select	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	response	response	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	established	establish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	assertion	assertion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
13	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	14	det	_	_
14	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **select** | imperative | you *not said here* | the response |  |  |  | consistent *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme |
| 2 | **establish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **concern** | gerund | the established facts *not said here* | the assertion |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus assertion=Experiencer |
| 4 | **is** | present | the assertion |  |  |  |  | white *property* | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The assertion remains true

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e2:o1:1
# text = The assertion remains true
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	assertion	assertion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	remains	remain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | present | the assertion |  |  |  |  | true *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The assertion is false

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e2:o2:1
# text = The assertion is false
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	assertion	assertion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the assertion |  |  |  |  | false *property* | tree rules |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The assertion is true of Australian swans only

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e2:o3:1
# text = The assertion is true of Australian swans only
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	assertion	assertion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	Australian	Australian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the assertion |  |  |  |  | of Australian swans; true *property* | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No conclusion may be drawn

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e2:o4:1
# text = No conclusion may be drawn
1	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	2	det	_	_
2	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	drawn	draw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | may · passive |  | no conclusion |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [One counterexample is enough, exam 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/e1/)
- next →: [One counterexample is enough, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/e3/)
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