---
title: Ascertain which of the following animals constitutes a mammal that l… — One counterexample is enough · tree and pragmatics
description: Ascertain which of the following animals constitutes a mammal that lays eggs. Exam question 4 of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Exam question 4 · One counterexample is enough

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain which of the following animals constitutes a mammal that lays eggs.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you, mammal · **What happens:** ascertain, follow, constitute, lay · **To what, where:** mammal, eggs

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This is exam question 4 of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/#e4).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e4:1
# text = Ascertain which of the following animals constitutes a mammal that lays eggs.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	obj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	amod	_	_
6	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
7	constitutes	constitute	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	mammal	mammal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	lays	lay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **constitute** | present | you *not said here* | a mammal |  |  |  | of the following animals | tree rules |
| 4 | **lay** | present | a mammal | eggs |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent egg=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dolphin

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e4:o1:1
# text = The dolphin
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dolphin	dolphin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The platypus

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e4:o2:1
# text = The platypus
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	platypus	platypus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bat

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e4:o3:1
# text = The bat
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The kangaroo

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:e4:o4:1
# text = The kangaroo
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kangaroo	kangaroo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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- ← previous: [One counterexample is enough, exam 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/e3/)
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