---
title: The friend: "It's a swan, bro, and it's black. 'All' just died." Wha… — One counterexample is enough · tree and pragmatics
description: The friend: "It's a swan, bro, and it's black. 'All' just died." What is the fair thing for Freddie to say? Test 1 · ★ of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice 
---

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# Test 1 · ★ · One counterexample is enough

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The friend: "It's a swan, bro, and it's black. 'All' just died." What is the fair thing for Freddie to say?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 1 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** It, friend, All, fair thing · **What happens:** be, die, say · **To what, where:** swan · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 1 · ★ of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/#t1).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The friend: "It's a swan, bro, and it's black. '

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t1:1
# text = The friend: "It's a swan, bro, and it's black. '
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	swan	swan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	bro	bro	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
17	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | It | a swan and bro |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | the friend and a swan and bro |  |  |  |  | black *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* All' just died."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t1:2
# text = All' just died."
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	_
3	just	just	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **die** | past | All |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 3:* What is the fair thing for Freddie to say?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t1:3
# text = What is the fair thing for Freddie to say?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	0	root	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nsubj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Freddie	Freddie	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the fair thing for Freddie |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | the fair thing for Freddie *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"OK, not all swans are white."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t1:o1:1
# text = "OK, not all swans are white."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	OK	ok	INTJ	UH	_	8	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** *in a quote* | present | all swans |  |  |  |  | white *property* | tree rules |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Black swans are painted."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t1:o2:1
# text = "Black swans are painted."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	painted	paint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** *in a quote* | present · passive |  | Black swans |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: subject=Destination |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"That swan doesn't count, bro."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t1:o3:1
# text = "That swan doesn't count, bro."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	swan	swan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	count	count	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	bro	bro	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **count** *in a quote* | present · do-support | that swan | bro |  |  |  |  | vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bro=Theme |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"One swan proves nothing."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t1:o4:1
# text = "One swan proves nothing."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	swan	swan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	proves	prove	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** *in a quote* | present | One swan | nothing |  |  |  |  | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: ["How do you know?", exam 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/186-how-do-you-know/e4/)
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