---
title: Leo's sister: "It's literally hopping about on mud, Leo. Fish said '… — One counterexample is enough · tree and pragmatics
description: Leo's sister: "It's literally hopping about on mud, Leo. Fish said 'nah'." What is the better rule? Test 3 · ★ of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wron
---

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# Test 3 · ★ · One counterexample is enough

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Leo's sister: "It's literally hopping about on mud, Leo. Fish said 'nah'." What is the better rule?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 4 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** It, Fish, better rule · **What happens:** hop about, say, be · **To what, where:** mud · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 3 · ★ of lesson 187 «One counterexample is enough» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/187-one-counterexample-is-enough/#t3).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Leo's sister: "It's literally hopping about on mud, Leo.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t3:1
# text = Leo's sister: "It's literally hopping about on mud, Leo.
1	Leo	Leo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	sister	sister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
5	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	literally	literally	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	hopping	hop	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
10	about	about	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	Leo	Leo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hop about** *in a quote* | present · progressive | It |  |  | mud |  | about, literally *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on mud=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Fish said 'nah'."

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t3:2
# text = Fish said 'nah'."
1	Fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	nah	nah	INTJ	UH	_	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Fish |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 3:* What is the better rule?

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t3:3
# text = What is the better rule?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	0	root	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the better rule |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"No fish ever leaves water"

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t3:o1:1
# text = "No fish ever leaves water"
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	3	det	_	_
3	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	ever	ever	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	5	advmod	_	_
5	leaves	leave	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** *in a quote* | present | no fish | water |  |  | ever |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Most fish stay in water"

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t3:o2:1
# text = "Most fish stay in water"
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	amod	_	_
3	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stay	stay	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** *in a quote* | present | Most fish |  |  | water |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in water=Location |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Fish only live on mud"

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t3:o3:1
# text = "Fish only live on mud"
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** *in a quote* | present | Fish |  |  | mud |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on mud=Location |

### Option 4 · ← Mova's choice {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Mudskippers aren't fish"

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:187-one-counterexample-is-enough:t3:o4:1
# text = "Mudskippers aren't fish"
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mudskippers	mudskipper	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is a** *in a quote* | present | Mudskippers | fish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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