---
title: Identify the principle denoted by the expression «innocent until pro… — A fair trial, and the Wonderland court… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the principle denoted by the expression «innocent until proven guilty». Exam question 1 of lesson 191 «A fair trial, and the Wonderland court that gets it all wrong» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mov
---

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# Exam question 1 · A fair trial, and the Wonderland court that gets it all wr…

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the principle denoted by the expression «innocent until proven guilty».

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 3 · **The right answer:** option 4 · wrong ✗ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** identify, denote, prove · **To what, where:** principle

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 191 «A fair trial, and the Wonderland court that gets it all wrong» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/191-a-fair-trial-and-the-wonderland-court-that-gets-it-all-wrong/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:191-a-fair-trial-and-the-wonderland-court-that-gets-it-all-wrong:e1:1
# text = Identify the principle denoted by the expression «innocent until proven guilty».
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	principle	principle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	denoted	denote	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	expression	expression	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	innocent	innocent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	_
10	until	until	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	proven	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
12	guilty	guilty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* | the principle |  |  | until proven guilty |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent principle=Theme |
| 2 | **denote** | participle |  | the principle *not said here* |  |  |  | by the expression | vn indicate-78 «NP V how S»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **prove** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The accused is obliged to demonstrate his own innocence

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:191-a-fair-trial-and-the-wonderland-court-that-gets-it-all-wrong:e1:o1:1
# text = The accused is obliged to demonstrate his own innocence
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	obliged	oblige	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	innocence	innocence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **oblige** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: clause=Result |
| 3 | **demonstrate** | to-infinitive |  | his own innocence |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot innocence=Topic |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The judge determines guilt prior to hearing the evidence

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:191-a-fair-trial-and-the-wonderland-court-that-gets-it-all-wrong:e1:o2:1
# text = The judge determines guilt prior to hearing the evidence
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	determines	determine	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	guilt	guilt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	prior	prior	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=SCONJ	7	mark	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	hearing	hear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **determine** | present | the judge | guilt |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent guilt=Topic |
| 2 | **hear** | gerund | the judge *not said here* | the evidence |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer evidence=Stimulus |

### Option 3 · ← Mova's choice {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All persons present in court are presumed to be guilty until the conclusion of the proceedings

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:191-a-fair-trial-and-the-wonderland-court-that-gets-it-all-wrong:e1:o3:1
# text = All persons present in court are presumed to be guilty until the conclusion of the proceedings
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	persons	person	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	present	present	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	presumed	presume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	cop	_	_
10	guilty	guilty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
11	until	until	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	proceedings	proceedings	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	13	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **present** | present | all persons |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **presume** | present · passive | all persons *not said here* |  |  | court |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S» |
| 3 | **is** | to-infinitive | all persons *not said here* |  |  |  | until the conclusion of the proceedings | guilty *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **conclude** |  |  | the proceedings |  |  |  |  | nom conclusion «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

### Option 4 · ✓ the right answer {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The burden of proving guilt rests upon the accuser and not the accused

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:191-a-fair-trial-and-the-wonderland-court-that-gets-it-all-wrong:e1:o4:1
# text = The burden of proving guilt rests upon the accuser and not the accused
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	burden	burden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	proving	prove	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	guilt	guilt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	rests	rest	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	accuser	accuser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | gerund | the burden *not said here* | guilt |  |  |  |  | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent guilt=Theme |
| 2 | **rest** | present | the burden |  |  | the accuser |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon accuser=Location |
| 3 | **not** **accuse** | participle | the burden *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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