---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Forces — pushes, pulls, friction and m… · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the phenomenon designated as friction? Exam question 1 of lesson 51 «Forces — pushes, pulls, friction and magnets» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option;
---

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# Exam question 1 · Forces — pushes, pulls, friction and magnets

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the phenomenon designated as friction?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **What happens:** follow, characteris, designate · **To what, where:** phenomenon

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 1 of lesson 51 «Forces — pushes, pulls, friction and magnets» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/51-forces/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:51-forces:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the phenomenon designated as friction?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	designated	designate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	friction	friction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the phenomenon |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **designate** | participle |  | the phenomenon *not said here* |  |  |  | as friction | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as friction=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A force arising between surfaces in contact which invariably opposes their relative motion

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:51-forces:e1:o1:1
# text = A force arising between surfaces in contact which invariably opposes their relative motion
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	arising	arise	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	between	between	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	contact	contact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	invariably	invariably	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	opposes	oppose	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	relative	relative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	motion	motion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arise** | gerund | a force *not said here* |  |  | contact |  | between surfaces | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme between surface=Location |
| 2 | **oppose** | present | contact | surfaces's relative motion |  |  |  | invariably *property* | vn amalgamate-22.2-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent motion=Patient |
| 3 | **motion** |  | surfaces *= surface* |  |  |  |  |  | nom motion «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A force arising between surfaces in contact which invariably assists their relative motion

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:51-forces:e1:o2:1
# text = A force arising between surfaces in contact which invariably assists their relative motion
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	arising	arise	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	between	between	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	contact	contact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	invariably	invariably	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	assists	assist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	relative	relative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	motion	motion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arise** | gerund | a force *not said here* |  |  | contact |  | between surfaces | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme between surface=Location |
| 2 | **assist** | present | contact | surfaces's relative motion |  |  |  | invariably *property* | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent motion=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **motion** |  | surfaces *= surface* |  |  |  |  |  | nom motion «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A force exerted solely by magnetised bodies upon ferrous materials

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:51-forces:e1:o3:1
# text = A force exerted solely by magnetised bodies upon ferrous materials
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	exerted	exert	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	solely	solely	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	magnetised	magnetise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	bodies	body	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
8	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	ferrous	ferrous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	materials	material	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exert** | participle |  | a force *not said here* |  |  |  | by magnetised bodies upon ferrous materials; solely *property* | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **magnetise** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A force by which the Earth draws all bodies towards its centre

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:51-forces:e1:o4:1
# text = A force by which the Earth draws all bodies towards its centre
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	obl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	draws	draw	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	bodies	body	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | present | the Earth | all bodies |  | Earth's centre |  | by a force | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent body=Theme towards centre=Destination |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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