---
title: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the… — Rocks, minerals and fossils · tree and pragmatics
description: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of igneous rock? Exam question 1 of lesson 61 «Rocks, minerals and fossils» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was wrong.
---

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# Exam question 1 · Rocks, minerals and fossils

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of igneous rock?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 2 · wrong ✗ · **What happens:** follow, characteris · **To what, where:** formation

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This is exam question 1 of lesson 61 «Rocks, minerals and fossils» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/61-rocks-minerals-fossils/#e1).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:e1:1
# text = Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of igneous rock?
1	Which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	statements	statement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	formation	formation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	igneous	igneous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **characteris** | present |  | the formation of igneous rock |  |  |  | of the following statements; accurately *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It forms from the shells of sea creatures

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:e1:o1:1
# text = It forms from the shells of sea creatures
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	creatures	creature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | It |  |  | the shells of sea creatures |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

### Option 2 · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It forms when magma or lava cools and becomes solid

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:e1:o2:1
# text = It forms when magma or lava cools and becomes solid
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
4	magma	magma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	cools	cool	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	becomes	become	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	solid	solid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | It | magma cools |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location cool=Theme |
| 2 | **become** | present |  |  |  |  |  | solid *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It forms from layers of sand and mud pressed together

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:e1:o3:1
# text = It forms from layers of sand and mud pressed together
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	pressed	press	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
10	together	together	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | It |  |  | layers of sand and mud |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **press** | participle |  | layers of sand and mud *not said here* |  |  |  | together *property* | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It forms when rock is altered by heat without melting

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:e1:o4:1
# text = It forms when rock is altered by heat without melting
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
4	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	altered	alter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	melting	melt	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **alter** | present · passive | heat | rock |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 3 | **melt** | gerund | heat *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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- ← previous: [Rocks, minerals and fossils, test 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/61-rocks-minerals-fossils/t13/)
- next →: [Rocks, minerals and fossils, exam 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/61-rocks-minerals-fossils/e2/)
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