---
title: Leo says fossils are just old bones that stayed the same for million… — Rocks, minerals and fossils · tree and pragmatics
description: Leo says fossils are just old bones that stayed the same for millions of years. true? Test 12 of lesson 61 «Rocks, minerals and fossils» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Test 12 · Rocks, minerals and fossils

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Leo says fossils are just old bones that stayed the same for millions of years. true?

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** Leo, fossils, old bones · **What happens:** say, be, stay · **To what, where:** old bones · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is test 12 of lesson 61 «Rocks, minerals and fossils» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/61-rocks-minerals-fossils/#t12).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:t12:1
# text = Leo says fossils are just old bones that stayed the same for millions of years. true?
1	Leo	Leo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	just	just	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	ccomp	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
17	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Leo |  |  |  |  | true *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | fossils | old bones |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **stay** | past | old bones |  |  |  |  | for millions of years; same *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No, most fossils are remains slowly replaced by minerals and turned to stone

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:t12:o1:1
# text = No, most fossils are remains slowly replaced by minerals and turned to stone
1	No	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	8	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
3	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	4	amod	_	_
4	fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	remains	remains	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	replaced	replace	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	minerals	mineral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	turned	turn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | most fossils | remains |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **replace** | participle · passive | minerals | remains |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **turn** | participle | minerals *not said here* |  |  | stone |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme to stone=Trajectory |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, but only bones kept frozen in ice

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:t12:o2:1
# text = Yes, but only bones kept frozen in ice
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	only	only	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **freeze** | past · passive |  | bones |  | ice |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, fossils are bones that never changed at all

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:t12:o3:1
# text = Yes, fossils are bones that never changed at all
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
7	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	changed	change	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | fossils | bones |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **change** | past | bones |  |  | all |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No, fossils are only ordinary stones that happen to look like animals by chance

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:61-rocks-minerals-fossils:t12:o4:1
# text = No, fossils are only ordinary stones that happen to look like animals by chance
1	No	no	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Neg	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	happen	happen	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	chance	chance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | fossils | ordinary stones |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **happen** | present | ordinary stones |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **look** | to-infinitive | ordinary stones *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like animals; by chance | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent by chance=Theme |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Rocks, minerals and fossils, test 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/61-rocks-minerals-fossils/t11/)
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