---
title: Identify the means by which bats locate insects in the dark. — Senses of animals: how they see, hear… · tree and pragmatics
description: Identify the means by which bats locate insects in the dark. Exam question 2 of lesson 79 «Senses of animals: how they see, hear and smell» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question and of each option; Mova's choice was right.
---

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# Exam question 2 · Senses of animals: how they see, hear and smell

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identify the means by which bats locate insects in the dark.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 2 · **The right answer:** option 2 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you, the, bats · **What happens:** identify, mean, locate · **To what, where:** insects, dark · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 2 of lesson 79 «Senses of animals: how they see, hear and smell» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/79-senses-of-animals/#e2).

## The question {#question}

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:79-senses-of-animals:e2:1
# text = Identify the means by which bats locate insects in the dark.
1	Identify	identify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	ccomp	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	obl	_	_
6	bats	bat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	locate	locate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **identify** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present | the |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **locate** | present | bats | insects |  | the dark |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By smelling the insects from afar

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:79-senses-of-animals:e2:o1:1
# text = By smelling the insects from afar
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	smelling	smell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	afar	afar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smell** | gerund |  | the insects |  | afar |  |  | vn see-30.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer insect=Stimulus |

### Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By making high sounds and listening to the echoes

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:79-senses-of-animals:e2:o2:1
# text = By making high sounds and listening to the echoes
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	sounds	sound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	listening	listen	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	echoes	echo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | high sounds |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product |
| 2 | **listen** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | to the echoes | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to echo=Theme |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By seeing in total darkness

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:79-senses-of-animals:e2:o3:1
# text = By seeing in total darkness
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	seeing	see	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	total	total	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | gerund |  |  |  | total darkness |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By detecting the warmth of the insects

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:79-senses-of-animals:e2:o4:1
# text = By detecting the warmth of the insects
1	By	by	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	detecting	detect	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	warmth	warmth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **detect** | gerund |  | the warmth of the insects |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer warmth=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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