---
title: It is given that two things are observed to occur together. Determin… — Being a scientist — fair tests, guesse… · tree and pragmatics
description: It is given that two things are observed to occur together. Determine the conclusion which may properly be drawn. Exam question 3 of lesson 91 «Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence» of the world course of Mova's primary school, with the dependency tree and pragmatics of the question 
---

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# Exam question 3 · Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is given that two things are observed to occur together. Determine the conclusion which may properly be drawn.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Mova's choice:** option 1 · **The right answer:** option 1 · right ✓ · **Who acts:** you · **What happens:** give, observe, occur, determine, draw · **To what, where:** It, two things, conclusion

<!-- .vabout -->
This is exam question 3 of lesson 91 «Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: [the test at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/world/91-being-a-scientist/#e3).

## The question {#question}

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* It is given that two things are observed to occur together.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:91-being-a-scientist:e3:1
# text = It is given that two things are observed to occur together.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	observed	observe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	occur	occur	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	together	together	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **observe** | present · passive |  | two things |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **occur** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | together *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Determine the conclusion which may properly be drawn.

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:91-being-a-scientist:e3:2
# text = Determine the conclusion which may properly be drawn.
1	Determine	determine	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
6	properly	properly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	drawn	draw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **determine** | imperative | you *not said here* | the conclusion |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent conclusion=Topic |
| 2 | **draw** | may · passive |  | the conclusion |  |  |  | properly *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## The options {#options}

### Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer {#o1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is not thereby proved that one causes the other

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:91-being-a-scientist:e3:o1:1
# text = It is not thereby proved that one causes the other
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
4	thereby	thereby	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	proved	prove	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nsubj	_	_
8	causes	cause	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | prove, thereby *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **cause** | present | one | the other |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition other=Patient |

### Option 2 {#o2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is thereby proved that the second causes the first

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:91-being-a-scientist:e3:o2:1
# text = It is thereby proved that the second causes the first
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	thereby	thereby	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	proved	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	nsubj	_	_
8	causes	cause	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  | thereby *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **cause** | present | the second | the first |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition first=Patient |

### Option 3 {#o3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is thereby proved that neither has any cause

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:91-being-a-scientist:e3:o3:1
# text = It is thereby proved that neither has any cause
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	thereby	thereby	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	proved	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	neither	neither	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	7	nsubj	_	_
7	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
8	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	det	_	_
9	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  | thereby *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | present | neither | any cause |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cause=Patient |

### Option 4 {#o4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is thereby proved that the first causes the second

```conllu
# sent_id = question:world:91-being-a-scientist:e3:o4:1
# text = It is thereby proved that the first causes the second
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	thereby	thereby	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	proved	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	nsubj	_	_
8	causes	cause	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  | thereby *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **cause** | present | the first | the second |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition second=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (`world/data/school/`), as the course runner gave them to the student. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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