---
title: Chatbots run on giant computers in data centres; the words appearing… — How a language model learns: guessing the next w… · tree and pragmatics
description: Chatbots run on giant computers in data centres; the words appearing one by one is just how the answer is shown. Who acts: Chatbots, words. A sentence of the lesson «How a language model learns: guessing the next word» of the ai course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# How a language model learns: guessing the next word, sentence 16

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Chatbots run on giant computers in data centres; the words appearing one by one is just how the answer is shown.

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**Who acts:** Chatbots, words · **What happens:** run, appear, be · **To what, where:** giant computers, one, answer

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This is a sentence of the lesson «How a language model learns: guessing the next word» of the ai course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Chatbots, words), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:ai:002-guessing-the-next-word.lesson:16
# text = Chatbots run on giant computers in data centres; the words appearing one by one is just how the answer is shown.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = ai
# lesson = 002-guessing-the-next-word.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1
1	Chatbots	chatbot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	run	run	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	computers	computer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	data	data	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	centres	centre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	appearing	appear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	obl	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nmod	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	cop	_	_
17	just	just	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=22:advmod
18	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	22	advmod	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	parataxis	_	_
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed act=assert

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | Chatbots |  |  | giant computers in data centres |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on computer=Trajectory |
| 2 | **appear** | gerund | the words | one by one |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present · passive |  | the answer |  |  |  | show *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:ai:002-guessing-the-next-word.lesson:16`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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