---
title: Early portraits needed people to keep still for a while, so smiles w… — Photography and phone cameras · tree and pragmatics
description: Early portraits needed people to keep still for a while, so smiles were hard to hold, and serious faces were also the fashion. Who acts: Early portraits, smiles, serious faces. A sentence of the lesson «Photography and phone cameras» of the arts course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tr
---

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# Photography and phone cameras, sentence 15

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Early portraits needed people to keep still for a while, so smiles were hard to hold, and serious faces were also the fashion.

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**Who acts:** Early portraits, smiles, serious faces · **What happens:** need, keep, be, hold · **To what, where:** people, fashion

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Photography and phone cameras» of the arts course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Early portraits, smiles, serious faces), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:arts:020-photography-and-phone-cameras.lesson:15
# text = Early portraits needed people to keep still for a while, so smiles were hard to hold, and serious faces were also the fashion.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = arts
# lesson = 020-photography-and-phone-cameras.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	portraits	portrait	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	needed	need	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
7	still	still	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	while	while	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	smiles	smile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
14	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	hold	hold	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	faces	face	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
22	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
23	also	also	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	fashion	fashion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	root	_	_
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | past | Early portraits | people |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot people=Theme |
| 2 | **keep** | to-infinitive | Early portraits *not said here* | people *not said here* |  |  | still; while |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | past | smiles |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **hold** | to-infinitive | smiles *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **is a** | past | serious faces | the fashion |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:arts:020-photography-and-phone-cameras.lesson:15`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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- ← previous: [Photography and phone cameras, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/arts/20-photography-and-phone-cameras/14/)
- next →: [Photography and phone cameras, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/arts/20-photography-and-phone-cameras/16/)
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