--- title: The Leaning Tower of Pisa began to lean while it was being built in… — Buildings and architecture · tree and pragmatics description: The Leaning Tower of Pisa began to lean while it was being built in the 1100s, because the soft ground under one side sank; engineers have since made the lean a little smaller to keep it safe. Who acts: Leaning Tower, soft ground. A sentence of the lesson «Buildings and architecture» of the arts cou --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/arts/34-buildings-and-architecture/11/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Arts](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/arts/) / [Buildings and architecture](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/arts/34-buildings-and-architecture/) / 11 # Buildings and architecture, sentence 11 The Leaning Tower of Pisa began to lean while it was being built in the 1100s, because the soft ground under one side sank; engineers have since made the lean a little smaller to keep it safe. **Who acts:** Leaning Tower, soft ground · **What happens:** begin, lean, build, sink, make, keep · **To what, where:** House, 1100s, engineers This is a sentence of the lesson «Buildings and architecture» of the arts course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Leaning Tower, soft ground), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:arts:034-buildings-and-architecture.lesson:11 # text = The Leaning Tower of Pisa began to lean while it was being built in the 1100s, because the soft ground under one side sank; engineers have since made the lean a little smaller to keep it safe. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = arts # lesson = 034-buildings-and-architecture.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 2 Leaning lean PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 Tower Tower PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 4 of of ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 Pisa Pisa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _ 6 began begin VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 7 to to PART TO _ 8 mark _ _ 8 lean lean VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 xcomp _ _ 9 while while SCONJ IN _ 13 mark _ _ 10 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 nsubj:pass _ _ 11 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 aux:pass _ _ 12 being be AUX VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 13 aux:pass _ _ 13 built build VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 8 advcl _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 1100s 1100 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 13 obl _ _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 18 because because SCONJ IN _ 25 mark _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 20 soft soft ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 nsubj _ _ 22 under under ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 23 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 24 nummod _ _ 24 side side NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nmod _ _ 25 sank sink VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=13:parataxis 26 ; ; PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 27 engineers engineer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 nsubj:pass _ _ 28 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 aux _ _ 29 since since ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 30 made make VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 6 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=6:conj 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 lean lean NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=30:obj|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 33 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 34 little little ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=35:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RB:_ 35 smaller small ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 30 xcomp _ _ 36 to to PART TO _ 37 mark _ _ 37 keep keep VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 30 advcl _ _ 38 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 37 obj _ _ 39 safe safe ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 37 xcomp _ _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **begin** | past | the Leaning Tower of Pisa | | | | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | | 2 | **lean** | to-infinitive | the Leaning Tower of Pisa *not said here* | | | | | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **build** | past · passive | | House | | the 1100s | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | | 4 | **sink** | past | the soft ground under one side | | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 5 | **make** | present · perfect · passive | | engineers | | | | since, small *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary lean=Product | | 6 | **keep** | to-infinitive | | House | | | | safe *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:arts:034-buildings-and-architecture.lesson:11`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Buildings and architecture, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/arts/34-buildings-and-architecture/10/) - next →: [Buildings and architecture, 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/arts/34-buildings-and-architecture/12/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/arts/34-buildings-and-architecture/)