--- title: Warthogs have short necks and long legs, so they kneel on thick pads… — The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostr… · tree and pragmatics description: Warthogs have short necks and long legs, so they kneel on thick pads on their wrists to graze short grass, and they back into burrows so their tusks face out; Pumbaa in The Lion King is a warthog. Who acts: Warthogs, tusks, Pumbaa. A sentence of the lesson «The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The African savanna area: hippos, meer…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/) / 14 # The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas, sentence 14 Warthogs have short necks and long legs, so they kneel on thick pads on their wrists to graze short grass, and they back into burrows so their tusks face out; Pumbaa in The Lion King is a warthog. **Who acts:** Warthogs, tusks, Pumbaa · **What happens:** have, kneel, graze, back, face out, be · **To what, where:** short necks, thick pads, short grass, burrows, warthog This is a sentence of the lesson «The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Warthogs, tusks, Pumbaa), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson:14 # text = Warthogs have short necks and long legs, so they kneel on thick pads on their wrists to graze short grass, and they back into burrows so their tusks face out; Pumbaa in The Lion King is a warthog. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2 1 Warthogs warthog NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 short short ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 amod _ _ 4 necks neck NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 obj _ _ 5 and and CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _ 6 long long ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 7 amod _ _ 7 legs leg NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 conj _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 9 so so ADV RB _ 11 advmod _ _ 10 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 nsubj _ _ 11 kneel kneel VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 parataxis _ _ 12 on on ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 thick thick ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 14 pads pad NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=11:nmod 15 on on ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 16 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ _ 17 wrists wrist NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 nmod _ _ 18 to to PART TO _ 19 mark _ _ 19 graze graze VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:acl 20 short short ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 grass grass NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obj _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 24 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 nsubj _ _ 25 back back VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=2:parataxis 26 into into ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 27 burrows burrow NOUN NNS Number=Plur 25 obl _ _ 28 so so SCONJ IN _ 31 mark _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=31:advmod|HaikuPos=ADV:RB:_ 29 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 30 nmod:poss _ _ 30 tusks tusk NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nsubj _ _ 31 face face VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 advcl _ _ 32 out out ADP RP _ 31 compound:prt _ _ 33 ; ; PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 34 Pumbaa Pumbaa PROPN NNP Number=Sing 41 nsubj _ _ 35 in in ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 36 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 38 det _ _ 37 Lion Lion PROPN NNP Number=Sing 38 compound _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=38:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 38 King King PROPN NNP Number=Sing 34 nmod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=34:nmod|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 39 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 41 cop _ _ 40 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 41 warthog warthog NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 parataxis _ _ 42 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | Warthogs | short necks and long legs | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent neck=Patient | | 2 | **kneel** | present | Warthogs *= warthog* | | | thick pads on Warthogs's wrists | | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on pad=Location | | 3 | **graze** | to-infinitive | Warthogs *= warthog* *not said here* | short grass | | | | | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent grass=Experiencer | | 4 | **back** | present | Warthogs *= warthog* | | | burrows | | | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into burrow=Destination | | 5 | **face out** | present | Warthogs's tusks | | | | | | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **is a** | present | Pumbaa in the Lion King | a warthog | | | | | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The African savanna area: hippos, meer…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/13/) - next →: [The African savanna area: hippos, meer…, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/)