--- title: Hippos cannot really swim; they are so heavy that they sink, so they… — The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostr… · tree and pragmatics description: Hippos cannot really swim; they are so heavy that they sink, so they walk or bounce along the bottom and push up to breathe. Who acts: Hippos, tusks. A sentence of the lesson «The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas» of the biology course of Mova's primary school --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The African savanna area: hippos, meer…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/) / 5 # The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas, sentence 5 Hippos cannot really swim; they are so heavy that they sink, so they walk or bounce along the bottom and push up to breathe. **Who acts:** Hippos, tusks · **What happens:** not swim, be, sink, walk, bounce, push up · **To what, where:** bottom This is a sentence of the lesson «The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hippos, tusks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson:5 # text = Hippos cannot really swim; they are so heavy that they sink, so they walk or bounce along the bottom and push up to breathe. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×2, R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Hippos hippo NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 2 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 5 aux _ _ 3 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 5 advmod _ _ 4 really really ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _ 5 swim swim VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 6 ; ; PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=5:punct 7 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nsubj _ _ 8 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 cop _ _ 9 so so ADV RB _ 10 advmod _ _ 10 heavy heavy ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 11 that that SCONJ IN _ 13 mark _ _ 12 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 13 nsubj _ _ 13 sink sink VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 advcl _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 15 so so ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ _ 16 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 nsubj _ _ 17 walk walk VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 advcl _ _ 18 or or CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=17:cc 19 bounce bounce VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=17:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 20 along along ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 22 bottom bottom NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obl _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 24 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=19:cc 24 push push VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=19:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:VerbForm=Inf 25 up up ADP RP _ 24 compound:prt _ _ 26 to to PART TO _ 27 mark _ _ 27 breathe breathe VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 24 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=24:xcomp 28 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **not** **swim** | can | Hippos | | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **is** | present | tusks *= tusk* | | | | | heavy *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **sink** | present | tusks *= tusk* | | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **walk** | present | tusks *= tusk* | | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **bounce** | present | tusks *= tusk* *not said here* | | | the bottom | | | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along bottom=Trajectory | | 6 | **push up** | present | tusks *= tusk* *not said here* | | | | | | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | | 7 | **breathe** | to-infinitive | tusks *= tusk* *not said here* | | | | | | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson:5`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×2, R2-punct-next ×1, R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The African savanna area: hippos, meer…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/4/) - next →: [The African savanna area: hippos, meer…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/6/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches/)