---
title: The closest living relatives of hippos are whales and dolphins. — The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostr… · tree and pragmatics
description: The closest living relatives of hippos are whales and dolphins. Who acts: closest living relatives. A sentence of the lesson «The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of eve
---

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# The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas, sentence 7

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The closest living relatives of hippos are whales and dolphins.

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**Who acts:** closest living relatives · **What happens:** be · **To what, where:** whales

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The African savanna area: hippos, meerkats, ostriches, wild dogs and hyenas» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (closest living relatives), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson:7
# text = The closest living relatives of hippos are whales and dolphins.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	closest	close	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	4	amod	_	_
3	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	relatives	relative	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	hippos	hippo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	dolphins	dolphin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the closest living relatives of hippos | whales and dolphins |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:102-the-african-savanna-area-hippos-meerkats-ostriches.lesson:7`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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