--- title: Small bats like pipistrelles hunt insects around street lamps by ech… — The city as a habitat · tree and pragmatics description: Small bats like pipistrelles hunt insects around street lamps by echolocation, shouting and listening for echoes; bats are not blind, and one pipistrelle can eat thousands of midges in a night. Who acts: Small bats, bats, one pipistrelle. A sentence of the lesson «The city as a habitat» of the biolo --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/14-the-city-as-a-habitat/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The city as a habitat](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/14-the-city-as-a-habitat/) / 12 # The city as a habitat, sentence 12 Small bats like pipistrelles hunt insects around street lamps by echolocation, shouting and listening for echoes; bats are not blind, and one pipistrelle can eat thousands of midges in a night. **Who acts:** Small bats, bats, one pipistrelle · **What happens:** hunt, shout, listen, not be, eat · **To what, where:** insects, street lamps, thousands This is a sentence of the lesson «The city as a habitat» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Small bats, bats, one pipistrelle), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:014-the-city-as-a-habitat.lesson:12 # text = Small bats like pipistrelles hunt insects around street lamps by echolocation, shouting and listening for echoes; bats are not blind, and one pipistrelle can eat thousands of midges in a night. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 014-the-city-as-a-habitat.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Small small ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 bats bat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 3 like like ADP IN _ 4 case _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=4:case|HaikuPos=SCONJ:IN:_ 4 pipistrelles pipistrelle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nmod _ _ 5 hunt hunt VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 insects insect NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obj _ _ 7 around around ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 street street NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 compound _ _ 9 lamps lamp NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 obl _ _ 10 by by ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 echolocation echolocation NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obl _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 13 shouting shout VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 5 advcl _ _ 14 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 15 listening listen VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 13 conj _ _ 16 for for ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 17 echoes echo NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obl _ _ 18 ; ; PUNCT : _ 22 punct _ _ 19 bats bat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ _ 20 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 22 cop _ _ 21 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 22 advmod _ _ 22 blind blind ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 23 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 24 and and CCONJ CC _ 28 cc _ _ 25 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 26 nummod _ _ 26 pipistrelle pipistrelle NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ _ 27 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 28 aux _ _ 28 eat eat VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 5 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=22:conj 29 thousands thousand NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 obj _ _ 30 of of ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 31 midges midge NOUN NNS Number=Plur 29 nmod _ _ 32 in in ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 33 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 34 night night NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 obl _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **hunt** | present | Small bats like pipistrelles | insects | | street lamps | | by echolocation | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent insect=Theme around lamp=Location | | 2 | **shout** *speech: express* | gerund | Small bats like pipistrelles *not said here* | | | | | | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **listen** | gerund | Small bats like pipistrelles *not said here* | | | | | for echoes | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for echo=Theme | | 4 | **not** **is** | present | bats | | | | | blind *property* | tree rules | | 5 | **eat** | can | one pipistrelle | thousands of midges | | | night | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thousand=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:014-the-city-as-a-habitat.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The city as a habitat, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/14-the-city-as-a-habitat/11/) - next →: [The city as a habitat, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/14-the-city-as-a-habitat/14/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/14-the-city-as-a-habitat/)