--- title: The arapaima, one of the biggest freshwater fish in the world, must… — The Amazon river: pink dolphins, flooded forest,… · tree and pragmatics description: The arapaima, one of the biggest freshwater fish in the world, must come up every ten to twenty minutes to breathe air, because warm flood water holds little oxygen, and its scales are so tough piranhas struggle to bite them. Who acts: arapaima, warm flood water, scales, piranhas. A sentence of the --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/155-the-amazon-river/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The Amazon river: pink dolphins, flood…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/155-the-amazon-river/) / 7 # The Amazon river: pink dolphins, flooded forest, giant fish and piranhas, sentence 7 The arapaima, one of the biggest freshwater fish in the world, must come up every ten to twenty minutes to breathe air, because warm flood water holds little oxygen, and its scales are so tough piranhas struggle to bite them. **Who acts:** arapaima, warm flood water, scales, piranhas · **What happens:** come up, breathe, hold, be, struggle, bite · **To what, where:** air, little oxygen, fish This is a sentence of the lesson «The Amazon river: pink dolphins, flooded forest, giant fish and piranhas» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (arapaima, warm flood water, scales, piranhas), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:155-the-amazon-river.lesson:7 # text = The arapaima, one of the biggest freshwater fish in the world, must come up every ten to twenty minutes to breathe air, because warm flood water holds little oxygen, and its scales are so tough piranhas struggle to bite them. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 155-the-amazon-river.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 arapaima arapaima NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 nsubj _ _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _ 4 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 2 appos _ _ 5 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 7 biggest big ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 9 amod _ _ 8 freshwater freshwater NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 compound _ _ 9 fish fish NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nmod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=4:nmod|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 10 in in ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 11 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 world world NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 nmod _ _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 14 must must AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 15 aux _ _ 15 come come VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 16 up up ADV RB _ 18 advmod _ _ 17 every every DET DT PronType=Tot 18 det _ _ 18 ten ten NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 21 nummod _ _ 19 to to ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 20 twenty twenty NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 18 nmod _ _ 21 minutes minute NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obl:unmarked _ _ 22 to to PART TO _ 23 mark _ _ 23 breathe breathe VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 15 advcl _ _ 24 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obj _ _ 25 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 26 because because SCONJ IN _ 30 mark _ _ 27 warm warm ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 amod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=28:amod 28 flood flood NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 compound _ _ 29 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 nsubj _ _ 30 holds hold VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 15 advcl _ _ 31 little little ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 amod _ _ 32 oxygen oxygen NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obj _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 35 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 36 nmod:poss _ _ 36 scales scale NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 nsubj _ _ 37 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 cop _ _ 38 so so ADV RB _ 39 advmod _ _ 39 tough tough ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 30 conj _ _ 40 piranhas piranha NOUN NNS Number=Plur 41 nsubj _ _ 41 struggle struggle VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 acl:relcl _ _ 42 to to PART TO _ 43 mark _ _ 43 bite bite VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 41 xcomp _ _ 44 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 43 obj _ _ 45 . . PUNCT . _ 15 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come up** | must | the arapaima | | | | minute | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **breathe** | to-infinitive | the arapaima *not said here* | air | | | | | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme | | 3 | **hold** | present | warm flood water | little oxygen | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme | | 4 | **is** | present | water's scales | | | | | tough *property* | tree rules | | 5 | **struggle** | present | piranhas | | | | | | tree rules | | 6 | **bite** | to-infinitive | piranhas *not said here* | fish | | | | | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:155-the-amazon-river.lesson:7`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Amazon river: pink dolphins, flood…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/155-the-amazon-river/6/) - next →: [The Amazon river: pink dolphins, flood…, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/155-the-amazon-river/8/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/155-the-amazon-river/)