---
title: African forest elephants are smaller than savanna elephants, with st… — The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis… · tree and pragmatics
description: African forest elephants are smaller than savanna elephants, with straighter tusks that point down, and they spread the seeds of many big trees. Who acts: African forest elephants, straighter tusks, elephants. A sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest eleph
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/10/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobo…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/) / 10

# The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants, sentence 10

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
African forest elephants are smaller than savanna elephants, with straighter tusks that point down, and they spread the seeds of many big trees.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** African forest elephants, straighter tusks, elephants · **What happens:** be, point down, spread · **To what, where:** seeds

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (African forest elephants, straighter tusks, elephants), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:10
# text = African forest elephants are smaller than savanna elephants, with straighter tusks that point down, and they spread the seeds of many big trees.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1
1	African	African	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	savanna	savanna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	straighter	straight	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	amod	_	_
12	tusks	tusk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
13	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
14	point	point	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
15	down	down	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	spread	spread	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=5:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VBD:Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	seeds	seed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
24	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nmod	_	_
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | African forest elephants |  |  |  |  | than savanna elephants; with straighter tusks; small *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **point down** | present | straighter tusks |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **spread** | present | elephants *= elephant* | the seeds of many big trees |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location seed=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:10`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobo…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/9/)
- next →: [The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobo…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/11/)
- ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/)