---
title: In the dark Congo forest leopards often hunt by day as well as at ni… — The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis… · tree and pragmatics
description: In the dark Congo forest leopards often hunt by day as well as at night; they hunt duikers, monkeys and even pangolins, and drag prey up trees to keep it from other hunters. Who acts: leopards, snails. A sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants» of
---

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# The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants, sentence 16

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the dark Congo forest leopards often hunt by day as well as at night; they hunt duikers, monkeys and even pangolins, and drag prey up trees to keep it from other hunters.

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**Who acts:** leopards, snails · **What happens:** hunt, drag up, keep · **To what, where:** dark Congo forest, duikers, prey, other hunters

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leopards, snails), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:16
# text = In the dark Congo forest leopards often hunt by day as well as at night; they hunt duikers, monkeys and even pangolins, and drag prey up trees to keep it from other hunters.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	Congo	Congo	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
6	leopards	leopard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
7	often	often	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	hunt	hunt	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
11	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADV	8	advmod	_	_
12	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	11	fixed	_	_
13	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
14	at	at	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
16	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	hunt	hunt	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
19	duikers	duiker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	monkeys	monkey	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	even	even	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
24	pangolins	pangolin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	_
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	drag	drag	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=18:conj|HaikuPos=VERB:VB:Mood=Sub|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin
28	prey	prey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	_
29	up	up	ADP	RP	_	27	compound:prt	_	_
30	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	32	mark	_	_
32	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	27	advcl	_	_
33	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	obj	_	_
34	from	from	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	hunters	hunter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	obl	_	_
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hunt** | present | leopards |  |  | the dark Congo forest | day; night | often *property* | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent in forest=Location |
| 2 | **hunt** | present | snails *= snail* | duikers and monkeys and pangolins |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent duiker=Theme |
| 3 | **drag up** | present | snails *= snail* *not said here* | prey |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **keep** | to-infinitive | snails *= snail* *not said here* | prey |  | other hunters |  |  | vn forbid-64.4 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer it=Beneficiary from hunter=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:16`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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