---
title: Duikers are small forest antelopes whose name means diver in Afrikaa… — The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis… · tree and pragmatics
description: Duikers are small forest antelopes whose name means diver in Afrikaans, because they plunge into thick bushes to escape. Who acts: Duikers, name. A sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its de
---

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# The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants, sentence 17

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Duikers are small forest antelopes whose name means diver in Afrikaans, because they plunge into thick bushes to escape.

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**Who acts:** Duikers, name · **What happens:** be, mean, plunge, escape · **To what, where:** small forest antelopes, diver, thick bushes

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Duikers, name), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:17
# text = Duikers are small forest antelopes whose name means diver in Afrikaans, because they plunge into thick bushes to escape.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1
1	Duikers	duiker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	antelopes	antelope	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	diver	diver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Afrikaans	Afrikaans	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
14	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	plunge	plunge	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
16	into	into	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	bushes	bush	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	escape	escape	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	advcl	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=18:acl
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Duikers | small forest antelopes |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present | name | diver |  |  |  | in Afrikaans | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot diver=Theme in afrikaans=Attribute |
| 3 | **plunge** | present | duikers *= duiker* |  |  | thick bushes |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into bush=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **escape** | to-infinitive | duikers *= duiker* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:17`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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