--- title: Male gorillas beat their chests with cupped hands to make a loud pop… — The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis… · tree and pragmatics description: Male gorillas beat their chests with cupped hands to make a loud popping sound, and bigger gorillas make deeper sounds, so others can judge size by ear. Who acts: Male gorillas, bigger gorillas, others. A sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants» o --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobo…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/) / 4 # The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants, sentence 4 Male gorillas beat their chests with cupped hands to make a loud popping sound, and bigger gorillas make deeper sounds, so others can judge size by ear. **Who acts:** Male gorillas, bigger gorillas, others · **What happens:** beat, cup, make, pop, judge · **To what, where:** chests, loud popping sound, deeper sounds, size This is a sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Male gorillas, bigger gorillas, others), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:4 # text = Male gorillas beat their chests with cupped hands to make a loud popping sound, and bigger gorillas make deeper sounds, so others can judge size by ear. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change 1 Male male ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 gorillas gorilla NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 beat beat VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 5 nmod:poss _ _ 5 chests chest NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obj _ _ 6 with with ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 cupped cup VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 8 amod _ _ 8 hands hand NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ 9 to to PART TO _ 10 mark _ _ 10 make make VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 advcl _ _ 11 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 12 loud loud ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 13 popping pop VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 14 amod _ _ 14 sound sound NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obj _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 17 bigger big ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 18 amod _ _ 18 gorillas gorilla NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 nsubj _ _ 19 make make VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 20 deeper deep ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 21 amod _ _ 21 sounds sound NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obj _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 23 so so SCONJ IN _ 26 mark _ _ 24 others other NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 nsubj _ _ 25 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 26 aux _ _ 26 judge judge VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 19 advcl _ _ 27 size size NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obj _ _ 28 by by ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 29 ear ear NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obl _ _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed act=assert | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **beat** | present | Male gorillas | gorillas's chests | | | | with cupped hands | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent chest=Patient with hand=Instrument | | 2 | **cup** | participle | | | | | | | vn pocket-9.10 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **make** | to-infinitive | Male gorillas *not said here* | a loud popping sound | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product | | 4 | **pop** | gerund | | | | | | | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 5 | **make** | present | bigger gorillas | deeper sounds | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sound=Product | | 6 | **judge** | can | others | size | | | | by ear | vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent size=Value | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:4`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobo…, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/3/) - next →: [The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobo…, 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/6/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/)