---
title: In some caves dwarf crocodiles have turned orange, possibly from liv… — The Congo river: tigerfish, the deepest river, l… · tree and pragmatics
description: In some caves dwarf crocodiles have turned orange, possibly from living among bat droppings. Who acts: dwarf crocodiles. A sentence of the lesson «The Congo river: tigerfish, the deepest river, lungfish and hidden birds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the
---

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# The Congo river: tigerfish, the deepest river, lungfish and hidden birds, sentence 8

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In some caves dwarf crocodiles have turned orange, possibly from living among bat droppings.

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**Who acts:** dwarf crocodiles · **What happens:** turn, live · **To what, where:** caves, bat droppings

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This is a sentence of the lesson «The Congo river: tigerfish, the deepest river, lungfish and hidden birds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dwarf crocodiles), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:160-the-congo-river.lesson:8
# text = In some caves dwarf crocodiles have turned orange, possibly from living among bat droppings.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 160-the-congo-river.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
3	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
4	dwarf	dwarf	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	crocodiles	crocodile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	turned	turn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	orange	orange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	possibly	possibly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
11	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	living	live	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
13	among	among	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	droppings	dropping	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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No stored speech act for this sentence.

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | present · perfect | dwarf crocodiles |  |  | some caves |  | orange, possibly *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme in cave=Trajectory |
| 2 | **live** | gerund | dwarf crocodiles *not said here* |  |  | bat droppings |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme among dropping=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:160-the-congo-river.lesson:8`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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