--- title: In the Middle Ages narwhal tusks were sold in Europe as unicorn horn… — The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-ye… · tree and pragmatics description: In the Middle Ages narwhal tusks were sold in Europe as unicorn horns; a narwhal's tusk is a tooth that grows out through its lip in a spiral, mostly in males. Who acts: tusk, tooth. A sentence of the lesson «The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark and the unicorn's tooth» of the bi --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads,…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/) / 15 # The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark and the unicorn's tooth, sentence 15 In the Middle Ages narwhal tusks were sold in Europe as unicorn horns; a narwhal's tusk is a tooth that grows out through its lip in a spiral, mostly in males. **Who acts:** tusk, tooth · **What happens:** sell, be, grow out · **To what, where:** narwhal tusks, Middle Ages, tooth, lip This is a sentence of the lesson «The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark and the unicorn's tooth» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tusk, tooth), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth.lesson:15 # text = In the Middle Ages narwhal tusks were sold in Europe as unicorn horns; a narwhal's tusk is a tooth that grows out through its lip in a spiral, mostly in males. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 4 case _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 3 Middle Middle PROPN NNP _ 4 compound _ _ 4 Ages Age PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 8 obl _ _ 5 narwhal narwhal NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 compound _ _ 6 tusks tusk NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nsubj:pass _ _ 7 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux:pass _ _ 8 sold sell VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 9 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 Europe Europe PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 obl _ _ 11 as as ADP IN _ 13 case _ _ 12 unicorn unicorn NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 compound _ _ 13 horns horn NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obl _ _ 14 ; ; PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=8:punct 15 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 narwhal narwhal NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 nmod:poss _ _ 17 's 's PART POS _ 16 case _ _ 18 tusk tusk NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ _ 19 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 cop _ _ 20 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 tooth tooth NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=8:conj 22 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 23 nsubj _ _ 23 grows grow VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 acl:relcl _ _ 24 out out ADP RP _ 23 compound:prt _ _ 25 through through ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 27 nmod:poss _ _ 27 lip lip NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl _ _ 28 in in ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 29 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 spiral spiral NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obl _ _ 31 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 32 mostly mostly ADV RB _ 34 advmod _ _ 33 in in ADP IN _ 34 case _ _ 34 males male NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 obl _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **sell** | past · passive | | narwhal tusks | | | in the Middle Ages | in Europe; as unicorn horns | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | | 2 | **is a** | present | a narwhal's tusk | a tooth | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **grow out** | present | a tooth | | | tooth's lip | | in a spiral; in males | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through lip=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads,…, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/14/) - next →: [The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads,…, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/16/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/)