--- title: Bowhead whales can smash through ice with their heads to make breath… — The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-ye… · tree and pragmatics description: Bowhead whales can smash through ice with their heads to make breathing holes, and they may live for over two hundred years; old harpoon tips from the 1800s have been found in living whales. Who acts: Bowhead whales, whales. A sentence of the lesson «The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-yea --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads,…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/) / 6 # The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark and the unicorn's tooth, sentence 6 Bowhead whales can smash through ice with their heads to make breathing holes, and they may live for over two hundred years; old harpoon tips from the 1800s have been found in living whales. **Who acts:** Bowhead whales, whales · **What happens:** smash, make, live, find · **To what, where:** ice, breathing holes, old harpoon tips This is a sentence of the lesson «The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark and the unicorn's tooth» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bowhead whales, whales), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth.lesson:6 # text = Bowhead whales can smash through ice with their heads to make breathing holes, and they may live for over two hundred years; old harpoon tips from the 1800s have been found in living whales. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Bowhead bowhead NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 compound _ _ 2 whales whale NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 3 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 4 aux _ _ 4 smash smash VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 5 through through ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 6 ice ice NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl _ _ 7 with with ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ _ 9 heads head NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obl _ _ 10 to to PART TO _ 11 mark _ _ 11 make make VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 4 advcl _ _ 12 breathing breathing NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 compound _ _ 13 holes hole NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obj _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 16 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nsubj _ _ 17 may may AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 18 aux _ _ 18 live live VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 4 conj _ _ 19 for for ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 20 over over ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=21:advmod 21 two two NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 23 nummod _ _ 22 hundred hundred NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 21 flat _ _ 23 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 obl _ _ 24 ; ; PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 25 old old ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod _ _ 26 harpoon harpoon NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 compound _ _ 27 tips tip NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 nsubj:pass _ _ 28 from from ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 1800s 1800 NOUN NNS Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card 27 nmod _ _ 31 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 33 aux _ _ 32 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 33 aux:pass _ _ 33 found find VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 4 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj 34 in in ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 35 living live ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 36 amod _ _ 36 whales whale NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 obl _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **smash** | can | Bowhead whales | | | ice | | with whales's heads | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V PP PP»: agent=Agent with head=Instrument | | 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | Bowhead whales *not said here* | breathing holes | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset hole=Product | | 3 | **live** | may | whales *= whale* | | | | year | | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **find** | present · perfect · passive | | old harpoon tips from the 1800s | | | | in living whales | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth.lesson:6`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads,…, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/5/) - next →: [The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads,…, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/7/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/)