--- title: Apes cannot speak words like us because their throat, tongue and bre… — How close are apes to us? · tree and pragmatics description: Apes cannot speak words like us because their throat, tongue and breathing control are different, but the bonobo Kanzi learned hundreds of symbols, first by watching his mother's lessons. Who acts: Apes, throat, bonobo. A sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mo --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [How close are apes to us?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/) / 14 # How close are apes to us?, sentence 14 Apes cannot speak words like us because their throat, tongue and breathing control are different, but the bonobo Kanzi learned hundreds of symbols, first by watching his mother's lessons. **Who acts:** Apes, throat, bonobo · **What happens:** not speak, be, learn, watch · **To what, where:** words, hundreds, lessons · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Apes, throat, bonobo), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:14 # text = Apes cannot speak words like us because their throat, tongue and breathing control are different, but the bonobo Kanzi learned hundreds of symbols, first by watching his mother's lessons. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Apes ape NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 2 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 4 aux _ _ 3 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 4 advmod _ _ 4 speak speak VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 0 root _ _ 5 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 obj _ _ 6 like like ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 us we PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 5 nmod _ _ 8 because because SCONJ IN _ 17 mark _ _ 9 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 10 nmod:poss _ _ 10 throat throat NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 12 tongue tongue NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 conj _ _ 13 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 14 breathing breathing NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 compound _ _ 15 control control NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 conj _ _ 16 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 17 cop _ _ 17 different different ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:ccomp 18 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 19 but but CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 bonobo bonobo NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 nsubj _ _ 22 Kanzi Kanzi PROPN NNP Number=Sing 21 appos _ _ 23 learned learn VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 4 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=17:conj 24 hundreds hundred NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 obj _ _ 25 of of ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 26 symbols symbol NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 nmod _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 30 punct _ _ 28 first first ADV RB NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord 30 advmod _ _ 29 by by SCONJ IN _ 30 mark _ _ 30 watching watch VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 23 advcl _ _ 31 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 32 nmod:poss _ _ 32 mother mother NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 nmod:poss _ _ 33 's 's PART POS _ 32 case _ _ 34 lessons lesson NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 obj _ _ 35 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **not** **speak** *speech: other* | can | Apes | words | | | | like us | tree rules | | 2 | **is** | present | apes's throat and tongue and breathing control | | | | | different *property* | tree rules | | 3 | **learn** | past | the bonobo | hundreds of symbols | | | | | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Topic | | 4 | **watch** | gerund | the bonobo *not said here* | bonobo's mother's lessons | | | | first *property* | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lesson=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How close are apes to us?, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/13/) - next →: [How close are apes to us?, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/)