--- title: Lucy is a skeleton of an early human relative, Australopithecus afar… — How close are apes to us? · tree and pragmatics description: Lucy is a skeleton of an early human relative, Australopithecus afarensis, found in Ethiopia in 1974; she lived about 3.2 million years ago, walked upright and still climbed trees, and was named after a Beatles song. Who acts: Lucy, skeleton. A sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of t --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/15/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [How close are apes to us?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/) / 15 # How close are apes to us?, sentence 15 Lucy is a skeleton of an early human relative, Australopithecus afarensis, found in Ethiopia in 1974; she lived about 3.2 million years ago, walked upright and still climbed trees, and was named after a Beatles song. **Who acts:** Lucy, skeleton · **What happens:** be, find, live, walk, climb, name · **To what, where:** skeleton, early human relative, Ethiopia, trees This is a sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lucy, skeleton), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:15 # text = Lucy is a skeleton of an early human relative, Australopithecus afarensis, found in Ethiopia in 1974; she lived about 3.2 million years ago, walked upright and still climbed trees, and was named after a Beatles song. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Lucy Lucy PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 2 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 cop _ _ 3 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 4 skeleton skeleton NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nsubj _ _ 5 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 6 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 7 early early ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 8 human human ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 amod _ _ 9 relative relative NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 11 Australopithecus Australopithecus PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 compound _ _ 12 afarensis afarensis NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 appos _ _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 14 found find VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 acl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=12:acl 15 in in ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 16 Ethiopia Ethiopia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 obl _ _ 17 in in ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 18 1974 1974 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 14 obl _ _ 19 ; ; PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 20 she she PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 nsubj _ _ 21 lived live VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 28 conj _ _ 22 about about ADV RB _ 24 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=23:advmod 23 3.2 3.2 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Frac 24 compound _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=24:nummod 24 million million NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 25 nummod _ _ 25 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 obl:unmarked _ _ 26 ago ago ADV RB _ 21 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=25:advmod 27 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=4:punct 28 walked walk VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 29 upright upright ADV RB _ 28 advmod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=28:advmod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 31 still still ADV RB _ 32 advmod _ _ 32 climbed climb VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 28 conj _ _ 33 trees tree NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obj _ _ 34 , , PUNCT , _ 37 punct _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 36 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 37 aux:pass _ _ 37 named name VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 28 conj _ _ 38 after after ADP IN _ 41 case _ _ 39 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 40 Beatles Beatles PROPN NNPS Number=Plur 41 compound _ _ 41 song song NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 obl _ _ 42 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=28:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | Lucy | a skeleton | | | | of a early human relative | tree rules | | 2 | **find** | participle | | a early human relative *not said here* | | Ethiopia | | in 1974 | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **live** | past | skeleton | | | | year | ago *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **walk** | past | a skeleton | | | | | upright *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **climb** | past | a skeleton *not said here* | trees | | | still | | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location tree=Theme | | 6 | **name** | past · passive | a skeleton *not said here* | | | | after a Beatles song | | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP» | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:15`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [How close are apes to us?, 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/14/) - next →: [How close are apes to us?, 16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/16/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/)