---
title: DNA is packed into tiny threads called chromosomes; human cells have… — How close are apes to us? · tree and pragmatics
description: DNA is packed into tiny threads called chromosomes; human cells have 46 chromosomes and great apes have 48, because long ago two ape chromosomes joined into one, our chromosome 2, and the joined ends can still be seen. Who acts: tiny threads, human cells, two ape chromosomes. A sentence of the lesso
---

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# How close are apes to us?, sentence 8

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
DNA is packed into tiny threads called chromosomes; human cells have 46 chromosomes and great apes have 48, because long ago two ape chromosomes joined into one, our chromosome 2, and the joined ends can still be seen.

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**Who acts:** tiny threads, human cells, two ape chromosomes · **What happens:** pack, call, have, join, see · **To what, where:** DNA, tiny threads, chromosomes, 46 chromosomes, 48, joined ends · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tiny threads, human cells, two ape chromosomes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:8
# text = DNA is packed into tiny threads called chromosomes; human cells have 46 chromosomes and great apes have 48, because long ago two ape chromosomes joined into one, our chromosome 2, and the joined ends can still be seen.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1
1	DNA	DNA	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	packed	pack	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	threads	thread	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	chromosomes	chromosome	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	xcomp	_	_
9	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
13	46	46	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	chromosomes	chromosome	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	apes	ape	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	_
18	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
19	48	48	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	18	obj	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
21	because	because	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=ADP	27	mark	_	_
22	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	23	advmod	_	_
23	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
24	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	26	nummod	_	_
25	ape	ape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	chromosomes	chromosome	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
27	joined	join	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=3:advcl|HaikuPos=VERB:VBN:Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass
28	into	into	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	27	obl	_	_
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
31	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	32	nmod:poss	_	_
32	chromosome	chromosome	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	appos	_	_
33	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	32	flat	_	_
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
37	joined	join	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	38	amod	_	_
38	ends	end	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	42	nsubj:pass	_	_
39	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	42	aux	_	_
40	still	still	ADV	RB	_	42	advmod	_	_
41	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	42	aux:pass	_	_
42	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	27	conj	_	_
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pack** | present · passive |  | DNA |  | tiny threads |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme into thread=Destination |
| 2 | **call** | participle | tiny threads *not said here* | chromosomes |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **have** | present | human cells | 46 chromosomes |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chromosome=Patient |
| 4 | **have** | present | human cells *not said here* | 48 |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 48=Patient |
| 5 | **join** | past | two ape chromosomes |  |  |  |  | into one; ago *property* | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Patient into one=Co-Patient |
| 6 | **join** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 7 | **see** | can · passive |  | the joined ends |  |  | still |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:8`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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