--- title: Cicadas are among the loudest insects; males click drum-like plates… — Record-breakers: the loudest and the longest-lived · tree and pragmatics description: Cicadas are among the loudest insects; males click drum-like plates on their bodies, and some American cicadas spend thirteen or seventeen years underground before coming out together. Who acts: Cicadas, males, American cicadas. A sentence of the lesson «Record-breakers: the loudest and the longest- --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/187-record-breakers-the-loudest-and-the-longest-lived/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Record-breakers: the loudest and the l…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/187-record-breakers-the-loudest-and-the-longest-lived/) / 6 # Record-breakers: the loudest and the longest-lived, sentence 6 Cicadas are among the loudest insects; males click drum-like plates on their bodies, and some American cicadas spend thirteen or seventeen years underground before coming out together. **Who acts:** Cicadas, males, American cicadas · **What happens:** be, click, spend, come out · **To what, where:** like plates This is a sentence of the lesson «Record-breakers: the loudest and the longest-lived» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cicadas, males, American cicadas), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:187-record-breakers-the-loudest-and-the-longest-lived.lesson:6 # text = Cicadas are among the loudest insects; males click drum-like plates on their bodies, and some American cicadas spend thirteen or seventeen years underground before coming out together. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 187-record-breakers-the-loudest-and-the-longest-lived.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Cicadas cicada NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 nsubj _ _ 2 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 3 among among ADP IN _ 6 case _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 5 loudest loud ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 6 amod _ _ 6 insects insect NOUN NNS Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 7 ; ; PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 8 males male NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 nsubj _ _ 9 click click VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 parataxis _ _ 10 drum drum NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 compound _ _ 11 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 12 punct _ _ 12 like like ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 13 amod _ _ 13 plates plate NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 obj _ _ 14 on on ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 16 nmod:poss _ _ 16 bodies body NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 obl _ _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 22 cc _ _ 19 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 21 det _ _ 20 American American ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 cicadas cicada NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ _ 22 spend spend VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 23 thirteen thirteen NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 26 nummod _ _ 24 or or CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 25 seventeen seventeen NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 23 conj _ _ 26 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 obj _ _ 27 underground underground ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 28 before before SCONJ IN _ 29 mark _ _ 29 coming come VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 22 advcl _ _ 30 out out ADV RB _ 29 advmod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=29:compound:prt|HaikuPos=ADP:RP:_ 31 together together ADV RB _ 29 advmod _ _ 32 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | present | Cicadas | | | | | among the loudest insects | tree rules | | 2 | **click** | present | males | like plates | | | | on males's bodies | vn hit-18.1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent plate=Instrument on body=Patient | | 3 | **spend** | present | some American cicadas | | | | year | underground *property* | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **come out** | gerund | some American cicadas *not said here* | | | | | out, together *property* | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:187-record-breakers-the-loudest-and-the-longest-lived.lesson:6`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Record-breakers: the loudest and the l…, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/187-record-breakers-the-loudest-and-the-longest-lived/5/) - next →: [Record-breakers: the loudest and the l…, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/187-record-breakers-the-loudest-and-the-longest-lived/7/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/187-record-breakers-the-loudest-and-the-longest-lived/)