---
title: Leopards drag their kills, sometimes as heavy as themselves, up into… — Leopards, jaguars, cheetahs and the house cat · tree and pragmatics
description: Leopards drag their kills, sometimes as heavy as themselves, up into trees where lions and hyenas cannot steal them. Who acts: Leopards, lions, farmers. A sentence of the lesson «Leopards, jaguars, cheetahs and the house cat» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree an
---

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# Leopards, jaguars, cheetahs and the house cat, sentence 5

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Leopards drag their kills, sometimes as heavy as themselves, up into trees where lions and hyenas cannot steal them.

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**Who acts:** Leopards, lions, farmers · **What happens:** drag, not steal, kill · **To what, where:** kills, trees, farmers

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Leopards, jaguars, cheetahs and the house cat» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Leopards, lions, farmers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:020-leopards-jaguars-cheetahs-and-the-house-cat.lesson:5
# text = Leopards drag their kills, sometimes as heavy as themselves, up into trees where lions and hyenas cannot steal them.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 020-leopards-jaguars-cheetahs-and-the-house-cat.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Leopards	leopard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drag	drag	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	kills	kill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	8	advmod	_	_
7	as	as	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:conj
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	8	obl	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	up	up	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	into	into	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
15	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	21	advmod	_	_
16	lions	lion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nsubj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	hyenas	hyena	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	_
19	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	21	advmod	_	_
21	steal	steal	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	acl:relcl	_	_
22	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	obj	_	_
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drag** | present | Leopards | farmers's kills |  | trees |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kill=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **steal** | can | lions and hyenas | farmers *= farmer* |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location they=Theme |
| 3 | **kill** |  | farmers *= farmer* |  |  |  |  |  | nom kill «act transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:020-leopards-jaguars-cheetahs-and-the-house-cat.lesson:5`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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