---
title: Male canaries sing the most, and coal miners once took canaries unde… — Budgies and canaries · tree and pragmatics
description: Male canaries sing the most, and coal miners once took canaries underground because the birds were harmed by dangerous gas before the miners noticed it. Who acts: Male canaries, coal miners, dangerous gas, miners. A sentence of the lesson «Budgies and canaries» of the biology course of Mova's primar
---

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# Budgies and canaries, sentence 10

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Male canaries sing the most, and coal miners once took canaries underground because the birds were harmed by dangerous gas before the miners noticed it.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Male canaries, coal miners, dangerous gas, miners · **What happens:** s, take, harm, notice · **To what, where:** canaries, birds, bird

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Budgies and canaries» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Male canaries, coal miners, dangerous gas, miners), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:205-budgies-and-canaries.lesson:10
# text = Male canaries sing the most, and coal miners once took canaries underground because the birds were harmed by dangerous gas before the miners noticed it.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 205-budgies-and-canaries.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1
1	Male	male	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	canaries	canary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sing	s	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	3	advmod	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=3:punct
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
8	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	miners	miner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	11	advmod	_	_
11	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
12	canaries	canary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
13	underground	underground	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
14	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	harmed	harm	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	advcl	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
22	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	miners	miner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
25	noticed	notice	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	advcl	_	_
26	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	obj	_	_
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **s** | present | Male canaries |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **take** | past | coal miners | canaries |  |  |  | once, underground *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent canary=Theme |
| 3 | **harm** | past · passive | dangerous gas | the birds |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer |
| 4 | **notice** | past | the miners | bird |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:205-budgies-and-canaries.lesson:10`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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