--- title: Bats rest upside down, gripping with their toes, so they can drop st… — Echolocation: how bats see with sound · tree and pragmatics description: Bats rest upside down, gripping with their toes, so they can drop straight into flight, because taking off from the ground is hard for them; a lock in the toe tendons holds them without effort. Who acts: Bats, calls, taking, lock. A sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of t --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Echolocation: how bats see with sound](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/) / 10 # Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 10 Bats rest upside down, gripping with their toes, so they can drop straight into flight, because taking off from the ground is hard for them; a lock in the toe tendons holds them without effort. **Who acts:** Bats, calls, taking, lock · **What happens:** rest, grip, drop, take off, be, hold · **To what, where:** flight, ground, calls This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bats, calls, taking, lock), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:10 # text = Bats rest upside down, gripping with their toes, so they can drop straight into flight, because taking off from the ground is hard for them; a lock in the toe tendons holds them without effort. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Bats bat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _ 2 rest rest VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 conj _ _ 3 upside upside ADV RB _ 4 advmod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=4:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 4 down down ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ _ 5 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _ 6 gripping grip VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 2 advcl _ _ 7 with with ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ _ 9 toes toe NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 obl _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 11 so so ADV RB _ 14 advmod _ _ 12 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 nsubj _ _ 13 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 14 aux _ _ 14 drop drop VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 conj _ _ 15 straight straight ADV RB _ 17 advmod _ _ 16 into into ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 17 flight flight NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 obl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=14:obj 18 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 19 because because SCONJ IN _ 20 mark _ _ 20 taking take VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 26 csubj _ _ 21 off off ADP RP _ 20 compound:prt _ _ 22 from from ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl _ _ 25 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 cop _ _ 26 hard hard ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 0 root _ _ 27 for for ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 28 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 obl _ _ 29 ; ; PUNCT : _ 36 punct _ _ 30 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 31 lock lock NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 nsubj _ _ 32 in in ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 33 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 34 toe toe NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 compound _ _ 35 tendons tendon NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nmod _ _ 36 holds hold VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 conj _ _ 37 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 36 obj _ _ 38 without without ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 39 effort effort NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 obl _ _ 40 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=26:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **rest** | present | Bats | | | | | down *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **grip** | gerund | Bats *not said here* | | | | | with calls's toes | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with toe=Instrument | | 3 | **drop** | can | calls *= call* | | | flight | | | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into flight=Trajectory | | 4 | **take off** | gerund | | | | the ground | | | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent from ground=Initial\_Location | | 5 | **is** | present | taking | | | | | for calls *= call*; hard *property* | tree rules | | 6 | **hold** | present | a lock in the toe tendons | calls *= call* | | | | without effort | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Echolocation: how bats see with sound, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/9/) - next →: [Echolocation: how bats see with sound, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/)