--- title: In the 1790s Lazzaro Spallanzani found that bats with covered eyes s… — Echolocation: how bats see with sound · tree and pragmatics description: In the 1790s Lazzaro Spallanzani found that bats with covered eyes still dodged threads but bats with blocked ears crashed; only in 1938 did special microphones prove bats use ultrasound. Who acts: Lazzaro, bats, special microphones. A sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» o --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Echolocation: how bats see with sound](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/) / 14 # Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 14 In the 1790s Lazzaro Spallanzani found that bats with covered eyes still dodged threads but bats with blocked ears crashed; only in 1938 did special microphones prove bats use ultrasound. **Who acts:** Lazzaro, bats, special microphones · **What happens:** find, cover, dodge, block, crash, prove · **To what, where:** 1790s, threads, 1938, ultrasound · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lazzaro, bats, special microphones), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:14 # text = In the 1790s Lazzaro Spallanzani found that bats with covered eyes still dodged threads but bats with blocked ears crashed; only in 1938 did special microphones prove bats use ultrasound. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 1790s 1790 NOUN NNS Number=Plur|NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 6 obl _ _ 4 Lazzaro Lazzaro PROPN NNP Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 5 Spallanzani Spallanzani PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 flat _ _ 6 found find VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 7 that that SCONJ IN _ 13 mark _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=20:mark 8 bats bat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ _ 9 with with ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 10 covered cover VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 11 amod _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=11:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 11 eyes eye NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nmod _ _ 12 still still ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 13 dodged dodge VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 ccomp _ _ 14 threads thread NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 obj _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=13:conj 15 but but CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 16 bats bat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 nsubj _ _ 17 with with ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 18 blocked block VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 19 amod _ _ 19 ears ear NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 nmod _ _ 20 crashed crash VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 conj _ _ 21 ; ; PUNCT , _ 6 punct _ _ 22 only only ADV RB _ 24 advmod _ _ 23 in in ADP IN _ 24 case _ _ 24 1938 1938 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 28 obl _ _ 25 did do AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 28 aux _ _ 26 special special ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 27 amod _ _ 27 microphones microphone NOUN NNS Number=Plur 28 nsubj _ _ 28 prove prove VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 parataxis _ _ 29 bats bat NOUN NNS Number=Plur 30 nsubj _ _ 30 use use VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 28 ccomp _ _ 31 ultrasound ultrasound NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obj _ _ 32 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **find** | past | Lazzaro | | | the 1790s | | | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 2 | **cover** | participle | | | | | | | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **dodge** | past | bats with covered eyes | threads | | | still | | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent thread=Location | | 4 | **block** | participle | | | | | | | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Causer | | 5 | **crash** | past | bats with blocked ears | | | | | | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 6 | **prove** | past · do-support | special microphones | | | 1938 | | | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 7 | **use** | present | bats | ultrasound | | | | | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ultrasound=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:14`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Echolocation: how bats see with sound, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/13/) - next →: [Echolocation: how bats see with sound, 15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/15/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/)