---
title: A small bat can catch hundreds of midges in an hour, so bats are fre… — Echolocation: how bats see with sound · tree and pragmatics
description: A small bat can catch hundreds of midges in an hour, so bats are free pest control. Who acts: small bat, bats. A sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 15

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A small bat can catch hundreds of midges in an hour, so bats are free pest control.

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**Who acts:** small bat, bats · **What happens:** catch, be · **To what, where:** hundreds, free pest control

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (small bat, bats), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:15
# text = A small bat can catch hundreds of midges in an hour, so bats are free pest control.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	bat	bat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	catch	catch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	midges	midge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
13	so	so	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=5:cc
14	bats	bat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
16	free	free	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
17	pest	pest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	control	control	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | can | a small bat | hundreds of midges |  |  | hour |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | bats | free pest control |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:15`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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