--- title: From the echo the bat's brain works out how far away a moth is, whic… — Echolocation: how bats see with sound · tree and pragmatics description: From the echo the bat's brain works out how far away a moth is, which way it is flying and even how big it is, so it «sees» with its ears. Who acts: brain, moth. A sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree a --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Echolocation: how bats see with sound](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/) / 2 # Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 2 From the echo the bat's brain works out how far away a moth is, which way it is flying and even how big it is, so it «sees» with its ears. **Who acts:** brain, moth · **What happens:** work out, be, fly, see · **To what, where:** echo, way This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (brain, moth), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:2 # text = From the echo the bat's brain works out how far away a moth is, which way it is flying and even how big it is, so it «sees» with its ears. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1 1 From from ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 echo echo NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 obl _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 5 bat bat NOUN NN Number=Sing 7 nmod:poss _ _ 6 's 's PART POS _ 5 case _ _ 7 brain brain NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _ 8 works work VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 9 out out ADP RP _ 8 compound:prt _ _ 10 how how ADV WRB PronType=Int 11 advmod _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=12:advmod 11 far far ADV RB Degree=Pos 12 advmod _ _ 12 away away ADV RB _ 15 advmod _ _ 13 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 14 det _ _ 14 moth moth NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 nsubj _ _ 15 is be VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 ccomp _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 17 which which DET WDT PronType=Int 18 det _ _ 18 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 obl:unmarked _ _ 19 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 21 nsubj _ _ 20 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 aux _ _ 21 flying fly VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 8 conj _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 23 even even ADV RB _ 25 advmod _ _ 24 how how ADV WRB PronType=Int 25 advmod _ _ 25 big big ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 conj _ _ 26 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 nsubj _ _ 27 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 cop _ _ 28 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 29 so so ADV RB _ 32 advmod _ _ 30 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 nsubj _ _ 31 « « PUNCT `` _ 32 punct _ _ 32 sees see VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 advcl _ _ 33 » » PUNCT '' _ 32 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=36:punct 34 with with ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 35 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 36 nmod:poss _ _ 36 ears ear NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 obl _ _ 37 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **work out** | present | the bat's brain | | | the echo | | | vn discover-84 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **be** | present | a moth | | | | | away *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **fly** | present · progressive | moth | which way | | | | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **is** | present | moth | | | | | big *property* | tree rules | | 5 | **see** *in a quote* | present | moth | | | | | with bat's ears | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:2`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Echolocation: how bats see with sound, 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/1/) - next →: [Echolocation: how bats see with sound, 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/3/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/)