---
title: Watch bats round a streetlamp at dusk: they dart after gnats in the… — Echolocation: how bats see with sound · tree and pragmatics
description: Watch bats round a streetlamp at dusk: they dart after gnats in the dark and never bump into each other, all thanks to echoes. Who acts: you, ears. A sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmat
---

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# Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 3

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Watch bats round a streetlamp at dusk: they dart after gnats in the dark and never bump into each other, all thanks to echoes.

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**Who acts:** you, ears · **What happens:** watch, dart, not bump · **To what, where:** bats, dark, each

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, ears), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:3
# text = Watch bats round a streetlamp at dusk: they dart after gnats in the dark and never bump into each other, all thanks to echoes.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change
1	Watch	watch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	bats	bat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	round	round	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	streetlamp	streetlamp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	dusk	dusk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	dart	dart	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
11	after	after	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	gnats	gnat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	18	advmod	_	_
18	bump	bump	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
19	into	into	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	18	obl	_	_
21	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	fixed	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	24	det	_	_
24	thanks	thanks	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	discourse	_	_
25	to	to	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	echoes	echo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nmod	_	_
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | imperative | you *not said here* | bats |  |  | dusk | round a streetlamp | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bat=Theme |
| 2 | **dart** | present | ears *= ear* |  |  | the dark | after gnats |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in dark=Trajectory |
| 3 | **not** **bump** | present | ears *= ear* *not said here* |  |  | each |  |  | vn bump-18.4-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into each=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:3`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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