---
title: Bats catch moths and gnats in the dark by shouting very high squeaks… — Echolocation: how bats see with sound · tree and pragmatics
description: Bats catch moths and gnats in the dark by shouting very high squeaks and listening for the echoes. Who acts: Bats. A sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 5

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Bats catch moths and gnats in the dark by shouting very high squeaks and listening for the echoes.

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**Who acts:** Bats · **What happens:** catch, shout, listen · **To what, where:** moths, dark, high squeaks

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bats), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:5
# text = Bats catch moths and gnats in the dark by shouting very high squeaks and listening for the echoes.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1
1	Bats	bat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	catch	catch	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	moths	moth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	gnats	gnat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=2:obl|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos
9	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	shouting	shout	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
11	very	very	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	squeaks	squeak	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	listening	listen	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	conj	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	echoes	echo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .note -->
No stored speech act for this sentence.

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | present | Bats | moths and gnats |  | the dark |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent moth=Theme |
| 2 | **shout** *speech: express* | gerund | Bats *not said here* | high squeaks |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent squeak=Topic |
| 3 | **listen** | gerund | Bats *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for the echoes | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for echo=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:5`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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