--- title: In Shark Bay, Australia, some dolphins wear sea sponges on their sno… — Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca grandmothers… · tree and pragmatics description: In Shark Bay, Australia, some dolphins wear sea sponges on their snouts to protect them while they poke in the sand, and mothers pass the trick to their young; a habit learned from others is called culture. Who acts: dolphins, mothers. A sentence of the lesson «Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca gr --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/6/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca gr…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/) / 6 # Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca grandmothers and whale songs, sentence 6 In Shark Bay, Australia, some dolphins wear sea sponges on their snouts to protect them while they poke in the sand, and mothers pass the trick to their young; a habit learned from others is called culture. **Who acts:** dolphins, mothers · **What happens:** wear, protect, poke, pass, learn, call · **To what, where:** sea sponges, Shark Bay, Dolphins, sand, trick, young · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca grandmothers and whale songs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dolphins, mothers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs.lesson:6 # text = In Shark Bay, Australia, some dolphins wear sea sponges on their snouts to protect them while they poke in the sand, and mothers pass the trick to their young; a habit learned from others is called culture. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 In in ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 2 Shark Shark PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 Bay Bay PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 obl _ _ 4 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _ 5 Australia Australia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nmod:unmarked _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ _ 7 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 8 det _ _ 8 dolphins dolphin NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 nsubj _ _ 9 wear wear VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 40 parataxis _ _ 10 sea sea NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 compound _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=11:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 11 sponges sponge NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 obj _ _ 12 on on ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ _ 14 snouts snout NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=11:nmod 15 to to PART TO _ 16 mark _ _ 16 protect protect VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 9 advcl _ _ 17 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 obj _ _ 18 while while SCONJ IN _ 20 mark _ _ 19 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nsubj _ _ 20 poke poke VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 16 advcl _ _ 21 in in ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 22 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 23 sand sand NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 25 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ Agree=R1-cc-next|Haiku=9:cc 26 mothers mother NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 nsubj _ _ 27 pass pass VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 trick trick NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 obj _ _ 30 to to ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 31 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 32 nmod:poss _ _ 32 young young NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 obl _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=27:obl|HaikuPos=NOUN:NNS:Number=Plur 33 ; ; PUNCT : _ 35 punct _ _ 34 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 35 habit habit NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 nsubj:pass _ _ 36 learned learn VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 35 acl _ _ 37 from from ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 38 others other NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 obl _ _ 39 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 40 aux:pass _ _ 40 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 41 culture culture NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=40:obj 42 . . PUNCT . _ 9 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=40:punct ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **wear** | present | some dolphins | sea sponges | | Shark Bay Australia | | on Dolphins's snouts | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent sponge=Theme | | 2 | **protect** | to-infinitive | some dolphins *not said here* | Dolphins *= dolphin* | | | | | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary | | 3 | **poke** | present | Dolphins *= dolphin* | | | the sand | | | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent in sand=Location | | 4 | **pass** | present | mothers | the trick | Dolphins's young | | | | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent trick=Theme to young=Recipient | | 5 | **learn** | participle | | a habit *not said here* | | others | | | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.source»: agent=Agent from other=Source | | 6 | **call** *speech: assert* | present · passive | | a habit | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs.lesson:6`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca gr…, 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/5/) - next →: [Animal minds: dolphins' names, orca gr…, 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/7/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/235-animal-minds-dolphins-names-orca-grandmothers-and-whale-songs/)