--- title: Wolves and dogs — a lesson of Mova's school · trees and pragmatics description: «Wolves and dogs», a lesson of the biology course of Mova's primary school, sentence by sentence with dependency trees and pragmatics. It begins: Every pet dog, from a tiny chihuahua to a Great Dane, comes from wolves that began living alongside people more than 15,000 years ago; people kept the fri --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / Wolves and dogs # Wolves and dogs Lesson 24 of the biology course of Mova's primary school: 16 sentences, each with its syntax tree and pragmatics. The lessons are written for Mova, and their agreed trees are part of Mova corpus 0.4 (CC BY-SA 4.0). How Mova does on its tests: [the lesson at school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/school-run/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/). - [0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/0/) — Every pet dog, from a tiny chihuahua to a Great Dane, comes from wolves that began living alongside people more than 15,000 years ago; people kept the friendliest ones, and over thousands of years they became dogs. - [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/1/) — A wolf pack is usually just a family, a mother and father with their young, and in deep snow they trot in single file, stepping in each other's tracks to save energy. - [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/2/) — Your dog keeps the wolf's tools: a cold wet nose with hundreds of millions of smell receptors, ears that turn to catch the car coming home before anyone else hears it, and a tongue for panting because dogs hardly sweat. - [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/4/) — Wolves live in packs that are usually a family: a mother, a father and their young of different ages. - [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/5/) — The idea of an alpha wolf fighting its way to the top came from captive wolves; wild packs are mostly parents leading their family. - [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/6/) — Wolves howl to tell the pack where they are and warn other packs away, and a howl can carry several kilometres; they do not howl at the moon. - [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/7/) — Wolves chase deer, elk and bison and pick the weak, old or sick, yet most hunts, often more than eight in ten, fail. - [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/8/) — Wolves returned to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 after about 70 years; elk grazed less by the rivers, trees grew back and beavers returned, a chain called a trophic cascade. - [9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/9/) — All pet dogs come from wolves tamed probably more than 15,000 years ago, and a chihuahua and a Great Dane are the same species. - [10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/10/) — A dog's nose has hundreds of millions of smell receptors, while a human nose has about 5 or 6 million. - [11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/11/) — A dog's nose is wet with a thin layer of mucus that catches smell particles, and every dog's nose print is unique. - [12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/12/) — Dogs hardly sweat through their skin, so they cool down by panting: water dries off the tongue and takes heat with it, which is called evaporation, and it works less well on a humid day, when the air is already full of water; their only real sweat glands are in their paw pads. - [13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/13/) — A loose wide tail wag usually means a happy dog, but a stiff high wag can mean the dog is tense. - [14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/14/) — Dogs hear sounds much quieter and higher than people can and turn their ears with many muscles. - [15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/15/) — Dogs see mostly blues and yellows because they have two kinds of colour cells instead of our three, so red and green look much alike to them. - [16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/24-wolves-and-dogs/16/) — Never approach a strange dog or a wild animal, because even friendly-looking ones may bite if scared or protecting food or young; to stroke a dog, ask its owner first and let the dog sniff your hand. - ← previous: [Bears](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/23-bears/) - next →: [Horses, zebras and donkeys](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/) - ↑ back to [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/)