--- title: Many venomous animals warn before they strike, the way a cobra sprea… — Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions… · tree and pragmatics description: Many venomous animals warn before they strike, the way a cobra spreads its hood, because a fight is risky and venom is costly to make. Who acts: Many venomous animals, tentacles, cobra, fight. A sentence of the lesson «Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions and the platypus» of the biology --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish,…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/) / 3 # Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions and the platypus, sentence 3 Many venomous animals warn before they strike, the way a cobra spreads its hood, because a fight is risky and venom is costly to make. **Who acts:** Many venomous animals, tentacles, cobra, fight, venom · **What happens:** warn, strike, spread, be, make · **To what, where:** way, hood This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions and the platypus» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many venomous animals, tentacles, cobra, fight), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus.lesson:3 # text = Many venomous animals warn before they strike, the way a cobra spreads its hood, because a fight is risky and venom is costly to make. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 2 venomous venomous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 3 amod _ _ 3 animals animal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ _ 4 warn warn VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 before before SCONJ IN _ 7 mark _ _ 6 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 7 nsubj _ _ 7 strike strike VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 advcl _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 7 punct _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 obl:unmarked _ _ 11 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 12 det _ _ 12 cobra cobra NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nsubj _ _ 13 spreads spread VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 10 acl:relcl _ _ 14 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss _ _ 15 hood hood NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obj _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 17 because because SCONJ IN _ 21 mark _ _ 18 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 19 fight fight NOUN NN Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ _ 20 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 21 cop _ _ 21 risky risky ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 4 advcl _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 23 venom venom NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 nsubj _ _ 24 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 cop _ _ 25 costly costly ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 conj _ _ 26 to to PART TO _ 27 mark _ _ 27 make make VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 25 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=25:xcomp 28 . . PUNCT . _ 4 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **warn** *speech: warn* | present | Many venomous animals | the way | | | | | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **strike** | present | tentacles *= tentacle* | | | | | | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **spread** | present | a cobra | animal's hood | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location hood=Theme | | 4 | **is** | present | a fight | | | | | risky *property* | tree rules | | 5 | **is** | present | venom | | | | | costly *property* | tree rules | | 6 | **make** | to-infinitive | venom *not said here* | | | | | | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish,…, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/2/) - next →: [Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish,…, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/)