--- title: Male platypuses have venom spurs on their back legs for fights with… — Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions… · tree and pragmatics description: Male platypuses have venom spurs on their back legs for fights with other males; the venom can cause terrible pain for weeks but has never been known to kill a person, and the platypus is one of very few venomous mammals. Who acts: Male platypuses, venom, platypus. A sentence of the lesson «Defences --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish,…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/) / 9 # Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions and the platypus, sentence 9 Male platypuses have venom spurs on their back legs for fights with other males; the venom can cause terrible pain for weeks but has never been known to kill a person, and the platypus is one of very few venomous mammals. **Who acts:** Male platypuses, venom, platypus · **What happens:** have, cause, not know, kill, be · **To what, where:** venom spurs, back legs, terrible pain, person, one This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions and the platypus» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Male platypuses, venom, platypus), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus.lesson:9 # text = Male platypuses have venom spurs on their back legs for fights with other males; the venom can cause terrible pain for weeks but has never been known to kill a person, and the platypus is one of very few venomous mammals. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Male male ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 platypuses platypus NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 venom venom NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 compound _ _ 5 spurs spur NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obj _ _ 6 on on ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 7 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ _ 8 back back NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 compound _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=9:amod|HaikuPos=ADJ:JJ:Degree=Pos 9 legs leg NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nmod _ _ 10 for for ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 fights fight NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=9:nmod 12 with with ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 other other ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 14 males male NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nmod _ _ 15 ; ; PUNCT , _ 19 punct _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 venom venom NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ _ 18 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 19 aux _ _ 19 cause cause VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 parataxis _ _ 20 terrible terrible ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 21 amod _ _ 21 pain pain NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 obj _ _ 22 for for ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 weeks week NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=21:nmod 24 but but CCONJ CC _ 28 cc _ _ 25 has have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 28 aux _ _ 26 never never ADV RB PronType=Neg 28 advmod _ _ 27 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 28 aux:pass _ _ 28 known know VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 19 conj _ _ 29 to to PART TO _ 30 mark _ _ 30 kill kill VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 28 xcomp _ _ 31 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 person person NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obj _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 38 punct _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 35 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 36 platypus platypus NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 nsubj _ _ 37 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 38 cop _ _ 38 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 19 conj _ _ 39 of of ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 40 very very ADV RB _ 41 advmod _ _ 41 few few ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 43 amod _ _ 42 venomous venomous ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 43 amod _ _ 43 mammals mammal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 38 nmod _ _ 44 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | Male platypuses | venom spurs | | platypuses's back legs | | for fights with other males | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spur=Patient | | 2 | **cause** | can | the venom | terrible pain | | | week | | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition pain=Patient | | 3 | **not** **know** | present · perfect · passive | the venom *not said here* | | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: clause=Stimulus | | 4 | **kill** | to-infinitive | the venom *not said here* | a person | | | | | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent person=Theme | | 5 | **is a** | present | the platypus | one | | | | of few venomous mammals | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus.lesson:9`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish,…, 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/8/) - next →: [Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish,…, 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/10/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/)