--- title: Cane toads have poison glands behind their heads and can make dogs v… — Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics · tree and pragmatics description: Cane toads have poison glands behind their heads and can make dogs very sick; they were brought to Australia in 1935 to eat beetles in sugar cane fields, spread, poisoned native animals, and now number in the hundreds of millions, as was reported. Who acts: Cane toads. A sentence of the lesson «Defe --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Defences: poison, warning colours and…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/) / 10 # Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics, sentence 10 Cane toads have poison glands behind their heads and can make dogs very sick; they were brought to Australia in 1935 to eat beetles in sugar cane fields, spread, poisoned native animals, and now number in the hundreds of millions, as was reported. **Who acts:** Cane toads · **What happens:** have, make, bring, eat, spread, poison · **To what, where:** poison glands, heads, dogs, toads, Australia, 1935 This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cane toads), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics.lesson:10 # text = Cane toads have poison glands behind their heads and can make dogs very sick; they were brought to Australia in 1935 to eat beetles in sugar cane fields, spread, poisoned native animals, and now number in the hundreds of millions, as was reported. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1 1 Cane cane NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 compound _ _ 2 toads toad NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 poison poison NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 compound _ _ 5 glands gland NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obj _ _ 6 behind behind ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 8 nmod:poss _ _ 8 heads head NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=5:nmod 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 10 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 11 aux _ _ 11 make make VERB VB Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 12 dogs dog NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obj _ _ 13 very very ADV RB _ 14 advmod _ _ 14 sick sick ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 xcomp _ _ 15 ; ; PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=3:punct 16 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nsubj:pass _ _ 17 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 18 aux:pass _ _ 18 brought bring VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=3:conj 19 to to ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 20 Australia Australia PROPN NNP Number=Sing 18 obl _ _ 21 in in ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 1935 1935 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 18 obl _ _ 23 to to PART TO _ 24 mark _ _ 24 eat eat VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 18 advcl _ _ 25 beetles beetle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 obj _ _ 26 in in ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 27 sugar sugar NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 compound _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=29:compound 28 cane cane NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 compound _ _ 29 fields field NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 obl _ _ 30 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 31 spread spread VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 24 conj _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 33 poisoned poison VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 24 conj _ _ 34 native native ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 amod _ _ 35 animals animal NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 obj _ _ 36 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 37 and and CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 38 now now ADV RB _ 39 advmod _ _ 39 number number VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 conj _ _ 40 in in ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 41 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 42 hundreds hundred NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 obl _ _ 43 of of ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 44 millions million NOUN NNS Number=Plur 42 nmod _ _ 45 , , PUNCT , _ 48 punct _ _ 46 as as SCONJ IN _ 48 mark _ _ 47 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 48 aux:pass _ _ 48 reported report VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 conj _ _ 49 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | Cane toads | poison glands | | toads's heads | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gland=Patient | | 2 | **make** | can | Cane toads *not said here* | dogs | | | | sick *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset dog=Product | | 3 | **bring** | past · passive | | toads *= toad* | Australia | 1935 | | | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme to australia=Destination | | 4 | **eat** | to-infinitive | | beetles | | cane fields | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent beetle=Patient | | 5 | **spread** | infinitive | | | | | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 6 | **poison** | participle | | native animals | | | | | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Patient | | 7 | **number** | present | | | | | now | in the hundreds of millions *goal* | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent in hundred=Goal | | 8 | **report** | past · passive | Cane toads *not said here* | | | | | | vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP» | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Defences: poison, warning colours and…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/9/) - next →: [Defences: poison, warning colours and…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/)