--- title: Red, yellow, orange and black often mean danger in nature, predators… — Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics · tree and pragmatics description: Red, yellow, orange and black often mean danger in nature, predators learn quickly or are born wary of them, and people copy nature with yellow and black warning signs. Who acts: Red, predators, people. A sentence of the lesson «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Defences: poison, warning colours and…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/) / 16 # Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics, sentence 16 Red, yellow, orange and black often mean danger in nature, predators learn quickly or are born wary of them, and people copy nature with yellow and black warning signs. **Who acts:** Red, predators, people · **What happens:** mean, learn, bear, copy · **To what, where:** danger, nature This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Red, predators, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics.lesson:16 # text = Red, yellow, orange and black often mean danger in nature, predators learn quickly or are born wary of them, and people copy nature with yellow and black warning signs. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×2, R3-conj-first ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Red red ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 9 nsubj _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=9:nsubj|HaikuPos=PROPN:NNP:Number=Sing 2 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=1:punct 3 yellow yellow ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 1 conj _ _ 4 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _ 5 orange orange ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 1 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=3:conj 6 and and CCONJ CC _ 15 cc _ _ 7 black black ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 1 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=3:conj 8 often often ADV RB _ 9 advmod _ _ 9 mean mean VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 10 danger danger NOUN NN Number=Sing 9 obj _ _ 11 in in ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 12 nature nature NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 nmod _ _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=9:punct 14 predators predator NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 nsubj _ _ 15 learn learn VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 16 quickly quickly ADV RB _ 15 advmod _ _ 17 or or CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 18 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 19 aux:pass _ _ 19 born bear VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 15 conj _ _ 20 wary wary ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 19 xcomp _ _ 21 of of ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 obl _ _ 23 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 24 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ _ 25 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 nsubj _ _ 26 copy copy VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ Agree=R3-conj-first|Haiku=15:conj 27 nature nature NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obj _ _ 28 with with ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 29 yellow yellow ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 33 amod _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 31 cc _ _ 31 black black ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 conj _ _ 32 warning warning NOUN NN Number=Sing 33 compound _ _ 33 signs sign NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 obl _ _ 34 . . PUNCT . _ 9 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed act=assert | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **mean** | present | Red | danger | | | | in nature; often *property* | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot danger=Theme in nature=Attribute | | 2 | **learn** | present | predators | | | | | quickly *property* | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **bear** | present · passive | predators *not said here* | | | | | wary *property* | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S» | | 4 | **copy** | present | people | nature | | | | with yellow warning signs | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nature=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics.lesson:16`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×2, R3-conj-first ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Defences: poison, warning colours and…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/13/) - next →: [Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehog…, 0](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/0/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/)