--- title: A tortoise's shell is part of its skeleton, joined to its backbone a… — Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour · tree and pragmatics description: A tortoise's shell is part of its skeleton, joined to its backbone and ribs, so it can never climb out; some tortoises live over 150 years, and Jonathan on Saint Helena was reported to be born around 1832. Who acts: shell, tortoises. A sentence of the lesson «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehog…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/) / 10 # Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour, sentence 10 A tortoise's shell is part of its skeleton, joined to its backbone and ribs, so it can never climb out; some tortoises live over 150 years, and Jonathan on Saint Helena was reported to be born around 1832. **Who acts:** shell, tortoises · **What happens:** be, join, not climb out, live, report, bear · **To what, where:** part, Jonathan, 1832 This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (shell, tortoises), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour.lesson:10 # text = A tortoise's shell is part of its skeleton, joined to its backbone and ribs, so it can never climb out; some tortoises live over 150 years, and Jonathan on Saint Helena was reported to be born around 1832. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1 1 A a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 tortoise tortoise NOUN NN Number=Sing 4 nmod:poss _ _ 3 's 's PART POS _ 2 case _ _ 4 shell shell NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 5 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 6 cop _ _ 6 part part NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 7 of of ADP IN _ 9 case _ _ 8 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 9 nmod:poss _ _ 9 skeleton skeleton NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 11 joined join VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 6 conj _ _ 12 to to ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ _ 14 backbone backbone NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 obl _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 16 ribs rib NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 conj _ _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 22 punct _ _ 18 so so ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 19 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 nsubj _ _ 20 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 22 aux _ _ 21 never never ADV RB PronType=Neg 22 advmod _ _ 22 climb climb VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 conj _ _ 23 out out ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 24 ; ; PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 25 some some DET DT PronType=Ind 26 det _ _ 26 tortoises tortoise NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 nsubj _ _ 27 live live VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 22 conj _ _ 28 over over ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 29 150 150 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 30 nummod _ _ 30 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 obl _ _ 31 , , PUNCT , _ 38 punct _ Agree=R6-punct-agree|Haiku=33:punct 32 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 33 Jonathan Jonathan PROPN NNP Number=Sing 38 nsubj:pass _ _ 34 on on ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 35 Saint Saint PROPN NNP Number=Sing 33 nmod _ _ 36 Helena Helena PROPN NNP Number=Sing 35 flat _ _ 37 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 38 aux:pass _ _ 38 reported report VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 27 conj _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=22:conj 39 to to PART TO _ 41 mark _ _ 40 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 41 aux:pass _ _ 41 born bear VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 38 xcomp _ _ 42 around around ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 43 1832 1832 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 41 obl _ _ 44 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is a** | present | a tortoise's shell | part | | | | of shell's skeleton | tree rules | | 2 | **join** | participle | a tortoise's shell *not said here* | | | | | to shell's backbone and ribs | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Patient to backbone=Co-Patient | | 3 | **not** **climb out** | can | shell | | | | | out *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **live** | present | some tortoises | | | | year | | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **report** | past · passive | | Jonathan Saint | | | | | tree rules | | 6 | **bear** | to-infinitive · passive | | | | 1832 | | | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S» | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour.lesson:10`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehog…, 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/9/) - next →: [Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehog…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/11/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/)