--- title: Stink bugs release bad-smelling chemicals when disturbed, and smells… — Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour · tree and pragmatics description: Stink bugs release bad-smelling chemicals when disturbed, and smells work well as defences because predators learn quickly. Who acts: Stink bugs, smells, predators. A sentence of the lesson «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its d --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehog…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/) / 12 # Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour, sentence 12 Stink bugs release bad-smelling chemicals when disturbed, and smells work well as defences because predators learn quickly. **Who acts:** Stink bugs, smells, predators · **What happens:** release, smell, disturb, work, learn · **To what, where:** smelling chemicals This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Stink bugs, smells, predators), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour.lesson:12 # text = Stink bugs release bad-smelling chemicals when disturbed, and smells work well as defences because predators learn quickly. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1 1 Stink stink NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 compound _ _ 2 bugs bug NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nsubj _ _ 3 release release VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 bad bad ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 6 amod _ _ 5 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 6 punct _ Agree=R8-pos-agree|Haiku=6:punct|HaikuPos=PUNCT:,:_ 6 smelling smell VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 7 amod _ _ 7 chemicals chemical NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obj _ _ 8 when when SCONJ WRB _ 9 mark _ _ 9 disturbed disturb VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 3 advcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=1:advcl 10 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _ 12 smells smell NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 nsubj _ _ 13 work work VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 14 well well ADV RB Degree=Pos 13 advmod _ _ 15 as as ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 16 defences defence NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 obl _ _ 17 because because SCONJ IN _ 19 mark _ _ 18 predators predator NOUN NNS Number=Plur 19 nsubj _ _ 19 learn learn VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 13 advcl _ _ 20 quickly quickly ADV RB _ 19 advmod _ _ 21 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **release** | present | Stink bugs | smelling chemicals | | | | | vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Causer chemical=Source | | 2 | **smell** | gerund | | | | | | | vn smell\_emission-43.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **disturb** | participle | Stink bugs *not said here* | | | | | | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | | 4 | **work** | present | smells | | | | | as defences; well *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.attribute PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent as defence=Attribute | | 5 | **learn** | present | predators | | | | | quickly *property* | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehog…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/11/) - next →: [Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehog…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/)