---
title: Donkeys bray to call other donkeys, and the sound can carry about 3… — Horses, zebras and donkeys · tree and pragmatics
description: Donkeys bray to call other donkeys, and the sound can carry about 3 kilometres across their desert homeland. Who acts: Donkeys, sound. A sentence of the lesson «Horses, zebras and donkeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Horses, zebras and donkeys, sentence 14

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Donkeys bray to call other donkeys, and the sound can carry about 3 kilometres across their desert homeland.

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**Who acts:** Donkeys, sound · **What happens:** bray, call, carry · **To what, where:** other donkeys, 3 kilometres, desert homeland · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the lesson «Horses, zebras and donkeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Donkeys, sound), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = school:biology:025-horses-zebras-and-donkeys.lesson:14
# text = Donkeys bray to call other donkeys, and the sound can carry about 3 kilometres across their desert homeland.
# source = school lesson (ours)
# course = biology
# lesson = 025-horses-zebras-and-donkeys.lesson
# annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1
1	Donkeys	donkey	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bray	bray	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	call	call	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=2:xcomp
5	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	donkeys	donkey	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
11	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	carry	carry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=4:conj
13	about	about	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=15:case|HaikuPos=ADP:IN:_
14	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
16	across	across	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	desert	desert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	homeland	homeland	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bray** | present | Donkeys |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **call** | to-infinitive | Donkeys *not said here* |  | other donkeys |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent donkey=Recipient |
| 3 | **carry** | can | the sound | 3 kilometres |  | zebra's desert homeland |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:025-horses-zebras-and-donkeys.lesson:14`.

**The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/).

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