--- title: Old paintings and cartoons show a galloping horse with its front leg… — Horses, zebras and donkeys · tree and pragmatics description: Old paintings and cartoons show a galloping horse with its front legs stretched forwards and back legs stretched back like a rocking horse; Eadweard Muybridge's photographs in 1878 showed that all four feet do leave the ground, but with the legs tucked under the body. Who acts: Old paintings, photog --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Horses, zebras and donkeys](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/) / 3 # Horses, zebras and donkeys, sentence 3 Old paintings and cartoons show a galloping horse with its front legs stretched forwards and back legs stretched back like a rocking horse; Eadweard Muybridge's photographs in 1878 showed that all four feet do leave the ground, but with the legs tucked under the body. **Who acts:** Old paintings, photographs, four feet · **What happens:** show, gallop, stretch, stretch back, rocking, leave · **To what, where:** galloping horse, front legs, ground, legs, body · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Horses, zebras and donkeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Old paintings, photographs, four feet), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:025-horses-zebras-and-donkeys.lesson:3 # text = Old paintings and cartoons show a galloping horse with its front legs stretched forwards and back legs stretched back like a rocking horse; Eadweard Muybridge's photographs in 1878 showed that all four feet do leave the ground, but with the legs tucked under the body. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 025-horses-zebras-and-donkeys.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2 1 Old old ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 amod _ _ 2 paintings painting NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nsubj _ _ 3 and and CCONJ CC _ 4 cc _ _ 4 cartoons cartoon NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 conj _ _ 5 show show VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 6 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 7 galloping gallop VERB VBG VerbForm=Ger 8 amod _ _ 8 horse horse NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obj _ _ 9 with with ADP IN _ 12 case _ _ 10 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 12 nmod:poss _ _ 11 front front ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 12 amod _ _ 12 legs leg NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 nmod _ _ 13 stretched stretch VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 12 acl _ _ 14 forwards forwards ADV RB _ 13 advmod _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 17 cc _ _ 16 back back ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 17 amod _ _ 17 legs leg NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 conj _ _ 18 stretched stretch VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 12 acl _ _ 19 back back ADV RB _ 18 advmod _ _ 20 like like ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 21 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 22 rocking rocking VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 23 amod _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=23:compound|HaikuPos=NOUN:NN:Number=Sing 23 horse horse NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 obl _ _ 24 ; ; PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ Agree=R2-punct-next|Haiku=5:punct 25 Eadweard Eadweard PROPN NNP Number=Sing 28 nmod:poss _ _ 26 Muybridge Muybridge PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 flat _ _ 27 's 's PART POS _ 25 case _ _ 28 photographs photograph NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nsubj _ _ 29 in in ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 1878 1878 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 28 nmod _ _ 31 showed show VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=5:conj 32 that that SCONJ IN _ 37 mark _ _ 33 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 35 det:predet _ _ 34 four four NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 35 nummod _ _ 35 feet foot NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 nsubj _ _ 36 do do AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 37 aux _ _ 37 leave leave VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 31 ccomp _ _ 38 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 37 obj _ _ 40 , , PUNCT , _ 45 punct _ _ 41 but but CCONJ CC _ 45 cc _ _ 42 with with ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 43 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det _ _ 44 legs leg NOUN NNS Number=Plur 45 nsubj:pass _ _ 45 tucked tuck VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 5 conj _ _ 46 under under ADP IN _ 48 case _ _ 47 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 48 det _ _ 48 body body NOUN NN Number=Sing 45 obl _ _ 49 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **show** | present | Old paintings and cartoons | | a galloping horse | | | with horse's front legs and back legs | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent horse=Recipient | | 2 | **gallop** | gerund | | | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **stretch** | participle | | horse's front legs and back legs *not said here* | | | | forwards *property* | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 4 | **stretch back** | participle | | horse's front legs and back legs *not said here* | | | | like a rocking horse | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 5 | **rocking** | gerund | | | | | | | tree rules | | 6 | **show** | past | Eadweard's photographs in 1878 | | | | | | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 7 | **leave** | present · do-support | all four feet | the ground | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ground=Theme | | 8 | **tuck** | participle · passive | | the legs | | the body | | | vn funnel-9.3-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: subject=Theme under body=Trajectory | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:025-horses-zebras-and-donkeys.lesson:3`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Horses, zebras and donkeys, 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/2/) - next →: [Horses, zebras and donkeys, 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/4/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/)