--- title: The underside of a leaf has tiny holes called stomata that open to l… — Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree i… · tree and pragmatics description: The underside of a leaf has tiny holes called stomata that open to let air in and water vapour out; a big tree can lose hundreds of litres of water on a hot day. Who acts: underside, tiny holes, water, big tree. A sentence of the lesson «Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree is made of air» --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [school](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/) / [Biology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/) / [Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, ho…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/) / 12 # Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree is made of air, sentence 12 The underside of a leaf has tiny holes called stomata that open to let air in and water vapour out; a big tree can lose hundreds of litres of water on a hot day. **Who acts:** underside, tiny holes, water, big tree · **What happens:** have, call, open, let in, vapour out, lose · **To what, where:** tiny holes, stomata, air, hundreds · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of the lesson «Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree is made of air» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (underside, tiny holes, water, big tree), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = school:biology:251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air.lesson:12 # text = The underside of a leaf has tiny holes called stomata that open to let air in and water vapour out; a big tree can lose hundreds of litres of water on a hot day. # source = school lesson (ours) # course = biology # lesson = 251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air.lesson # annotation = Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 2 det _ _ 2 underside underside NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _ 3 of of ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 4 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 5 leaf leaf NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _ 6 has have VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 7 tiny tiny ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 8 amod _ _ 8 holes hole NOUN NNS Number=Plur 6 obj _ _ 9 called call VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 8 acl _ _ 10 stomata stomata NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 xcomp _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=9:obj 11 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 12 nsubj _ _ 12 open open VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 acl:relcl _ Agree=R5-strong|Haiku=10:acl:relcl 13 to to PART TO _ 14 mark _ _ 14 let let VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 12 advcl _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=12:xcomp 15 air air NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 obj _ _ 16 in in ADP RP _ 14 compound:prt _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 19 cc _ _ 18 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 19 nsubj _ _ 19 vapour vapour VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 14 conj _ _ 20 out out ADP RP _ 19 compound:prt _ _ 21 ; ; PUNCT : _ 26 punct _ _ 22 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 23 big big ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 24 amod _ _ 24 tree tree NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nsubj _ _ 25 can can AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 26 aux _ _ 26 lose lose VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 6 parataxis _ Agree=R7-rel-agree|Haiku=6:conj 27 hundreds hundred NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 obj _ _ 28 of of ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 29 litres litre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 27 nmod _ _ 30 of of ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 31 water water NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 nmod _ _ 32 on on ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 33 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 34 hot hot ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 amod _ _ 35 day day NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obl _ _ 36 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} No stored speech act for this sentence. | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **have** | present | the underside of a leaf | tiny holes | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hole=Patient | | 2 | **call** | participle | tiny holes *not said here* | stomata | | | | | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **open** | present | tiny holes | | | | | | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 4 | **let in** | to-infinitive | tiny holes *not said here* | air | | | | | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme | | 5 | **vapour out** | infinitive | water | | | | | | tree rules | | 6 | **lose** | can | a big tree | hundreds of litres of water | | | day | | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Eventuality | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Licence: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)**, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, `mova-school-agreed-en.conllu`) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence `school:biology:251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air.lesson:12`. **The tree:** Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3. **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence. See the [release 0.4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/releases/0.4/). - ← previous: [Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, ho…, 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/11/) - next →: [Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, ho…, 13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/13/) - ↑ back to [the lesson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/)